Microstructured single-layer electrodes embedded in P(VDF-TrFE) for flexible and self-powered direction-sensitive strain sensors

Schäffner, Philipp; Zirkl, Martin; Schider, Gerburg; Groten, Jonas; Belegratis, Maria; Knöll, P.; Stadlober, Barbara

doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ab9f4c

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…A variation in the average out-of-plane strain component

directly leads to a change in the polarization, which can be measured as a charge response

. This electromechanical coupling is described by the piezoelectric constant

as follows [ 23 , 24 ]:

where

is the interface area between the electrode and the ferroelectric material, and

is a material constant close to unity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Sensor Foil to Measure Ski Deflections: Development and Validation of a Curvature Model

Thorwartl

Kröll

Tschepp

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The ski deflection with the associated temporal and segmental curvature variation can be considered as a performance-relevant factor in alpine skiing. Although some work on recording ski deflection is available, the segmental curvature among the ski and temporal aspects have not yet been made an object of observation. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a novel ski demonstrator and to conceptualize and validate an empirical curvature model. Twenty-four PyzoFlex® technology-based sensor foils were attached to the upper surface of an alpine ski. A self-developed instrument simultaneously measuring sixteen sensors was used as a data acquisition device. After calibration with a standardized bending test, using an empirical curvature model, the sensors were applied to analyze the segmental curvature characteristic (m−1) of the ski in a quasi-static bending situation at five different load levels between 100 N and 230 N. The derived curvature data were compared with values obtained from a high-precision laser measurement system. For the reliability assessment, successive pairs of trials were evaluated at different load levels by calculating the change in mean (CIM), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3.1) with a 95% confidence interval. A high reliability of CIM −1.41–0.50%, max CV 1.45%, and ICC 3.1 > 0.961 was found for the different load levels. Additionally, the criterion validity based on the Pearson correlation coefficient was R2 = 0.993 and the limits of agreement, expressed by the accuracy (systematic bias) and the precision (SD), was between +9.45 × 10−3 m−1 and −6.78 × 10−3 m−1 for all load levels. The new measuring system offers both good accuracy (1.33 × 10−3 m−1) and high precision (4.14 × 10−3 m−1). However, the results are based on quasi-static ski deformations, which means that a transfer into the field is only allowed to a limited extent since the scope of the curvature model has not yet been definitely determined. The high laboratory-related reliability and validity of our novel ski prototype featuring PyzoFlex® technology make it a potential candidate for on-snow application such as smart skiing equipment.

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“…A variation in the average out-of-plane strain component

directly leads to a change in the polarization, which can be measured as a charge response

. This electromechanical coupling is described by the piezoelectric constant

as follows [ 23 , 24 ]:

where

is the interface area between the electrode and the ferroelectric material, and

is a material constant close to unity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variation in the average out-of-plane strain component s 33 directly leads to a change in the polarization, which can be measured as a charge response Q. This electromechanical coupling is described by the piezoelectric constant e 33 as follows [23,24]:…”

Section: Development Of the Empirical Curvature Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Sensor Foil to Measure Ski Deflections: Development and Validation of a Curvature Model

Thorwartl

Kröll

Tschepp

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…From this perspective, even a strain sensor in the basis of piezoelectric effect could be regarded as self‐powered. [ 192 ] Transmission of the electrical output from the ferroelectric sensors or memories to a working station without a physical contact is typically required for realizing a practical wireless sensor system application.…”

Section: Synergized Multiple Ferroelectric Functions For Distributed Intelligencementioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Distributed Intelligence with Ferroelectric Multifunctionalities

et al. 2021

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Distributed intelligence involving a large number of smart sensors and edge computing are highly demanded under the backdrop of increasing cyber-physical interactive applications including internet of things. Here, the progresses on ferroelectric materials and their enabled devices promising energy autonomous sensors and smart systems are reviewed, starting with an analysis on the basic characteristics of ferroelectrics, including high dielectric permittivity, switchable spontaneous polarization, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and bulk photovoltaic effects. As sensors, ferroelectrics can directly convert the stimuli to signals without requiring external power supply in principle. As energy transducers, ferroelectrics can harvest multiple forms of energy with high reliability and durability. As capacitors, ferroelectrics can directly store electrical charges with high power and ability of pulse-mode signal generation. Nonvolatile memories derived from ferroelectrics are able to realize digital processors and systems with ultralow power consumption, sustainable operation with intermittent power supply, and neuromorphic computing. An emphasis is made on the utilization of the multiple extraordinary functionalities of ferroelectrics to enable material-critical device innovations. The ferroelectric characteristics and synergistic functionality combinations are invaluable for realizing distributed sensors and smart systems with energy autonomy.

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“…This work utilized the infrastructure Printed Intelligent Infrastructure (PII-FIRI, Grant No: 320019). environment, especially by using mechanical energy harvesting based on piezoelectric elements [9]- [13]. Piezoelectric energy harvesters have the potential of being used as an energy source due to their straightforward fabrication and direct mechanicalto-electrical conversion capability [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Electrode Structure on the Performance of Fully Printed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

Montero

Laurila

Mäntysalo

2022

IEEE Flex. Electron.

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Flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters have the potential to be used as power sources for wearable electronics. This study presents a simple printing-based fabrication process for a flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting module with an integrated and optimized SMD-based full-wave diode bridge rectifier. We investigate the effect of the electrode configuration on the energy harvesting performance of the piezoelectric elements. Two types of piezoelectric elements are fabricated (a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure and an interdigitated electrode (IDE) structure) for comparison. The electrodes are inkjet printed using poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and the piezoelectric layer is bar coated using poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE). The results show that a higher output power density can be obtained with the MIMbased energy harvester (7.8 µW/cm 3 ) when compared to the IDEbased harvester (20.8 nW/cm 3 ). Simulation results show that this is explained by the higher current output (i.e., charge generation ability) of the MIM-based structure.

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Microstructured single-layer electrodes embedded in P(VDF-TrFE) for flexible and self-powered direction-sensitive strain sensors

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

A Novel Sensor Foil to Measure Ski Deflections: Development and Validation of a Curvature Model

A Novel Sensor Foil to Measure Ski Deflections: Development and Validation of a Curvature Model

Enabling Distributed Intelligence with Ferroelectric Multifunctionalities

Effect of Electrode Structure on the Performance of Fully Printed Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

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