Microstructure-oxidation resistance relationship in Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

Drouelle, Elodie; Gauthier‐Brunet, V.; Cormier, Jonathan; Villechaise, Patrick; Sallot, Pierre; Naïmi, Foad; Bernard, Frédéric; Dubois, S.

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154062

Cited by 44 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Studies on Ti 3 AlC 2 mentioned about the preferential formation of TiO 2 in porous areas 60,61 28 Instead, the presence of Ti 3 AlC 2 clusters was noticed, the same way these clusters were present in the bulk. However, they were always present in the vicinity of TiO 2 colonies.…”

Section: From Expression A6mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti₂AlC ceramics

et al. 2020

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Submicron Ti2AlC MAX phase powder was synthesized by molten salt shielded synthesis (MS3) using a Ti:Al:C molar ratio of 2:1:0.9 at a process temperature of 1000°C for 5 hours. The synthesized powder presented a mean particle size of ~0.9 µm and a purity of 91 wt. % Ti2AlC, containing 6 wt. % Ti3AlC2. The Ti2AlC powder was sintered by pressureless sintering, achieving a maximal relative density of 90%, hence field‐assisted sintering technology/spark plasma sintering was used to enhance densification. The fine‐grained microstructure was preserved, and phase purity of Ti2AlC was unaltered in the latter case, with a relative density of 98.5%. Oxidation was performed at 1200°C for 50 hours in static air of dense monolithic Ti2AlC with different surface finish, (polished, ground and sandblasted) which resulted in the formation of an approx. 8 µm thin aluminum oxide (Al2O3) layer decorated with titanium dioxide (rutile, TiO2) colonies. Surface quality had no influence on Al2O3 scale thickness, but the amount and size of TiO2 crystals increased with surface roughness. A phenomenon of rumpling of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) was observed and a model to estimate the extent of deformation is proposed.

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Section: From Expression A6mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on Ti 3 AlC 2 mentioned about the preferential formation of TiO 2 in porous areas 60,61 because of the nature of Al 2 O 3 crystal growth. In fact, it was found that low packing of Al 2 O 3 crystals in larger cavities facilitate the outward grain boundary diffusion of Ti ions leading to the formation of TiO 2 atop Al 2 O 3 .…”

Section: From Expression A6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti₂AlC ceramics

et al. 2020

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“…It has been reported that grain size can drastically modify the oxidation resistance. [ 121,124 ] CG MAX phases show a much higher oxidation resistance than that of FG ones. For example, FG Ti 2 AlC obeyed the cubic oxidation kinetics (Figure 15b), and the cubic rate constant was 8.3 × 10 −13 kg 3 m −6 s −1 when oxidized at 1000 °C, whereas the CG Ti 2 AlC obeyed parabolic oxidation kinetics (Figure 15d), and the parabolic rate constant was 4.0 × 10 −7 kg 2 m −4 s −1 at the same oxidation condition.…”

Section: Properties Of Max Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their excellent high‐temperature oxidation resistance, Al‐containing MAX phases, such as Ti 2 AlC, [ 120 ] Ti 3 AlC 2 , [ 121 ] V 2 AlC, [ 122 ] and Cr 2 AlC, [ 55 ] show great potential to be used at high temperatures. The high‐oxidation resistance mechanism of Al‐containing MAX phases can be attributed to the fact that the weakly bonded Al elements diffuse to the surface at high temperatures and form a dense and continuous Al 2 O 3 layer on the surface, which effectively limits the inward diffusion of O −2 .…”

Section: Properties Of Max Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

MAX Phases as Nanolaminate Materials: Chemical Composition, Microstructure, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Xia

2021

Adv Eng Mater

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Ceramics is one of the oldest materials prepared and used by human beings. Ancient ancestors started to make pottery by forming and burning clay since the earliest civilizations. Ancient people started to fabricate burnt claywares since %6500 B.C., and clayware as a commercial product was available by %4000 B.C. [1] In modern society, as one of the largest branches in material family, ceramics have been developed and used in almost every fields of human beings' lives. In some senses, ceramics and metals possess complementary properties; generally, ceramics show the advantages of high strength, high hardness, high chemical stability, high wear resistance, whereas ceramics typically show intrinsic brittleness and poor plasticity due to their covalent and/or ionic chemical bonding; metals have good plasticity, high toughness, and high thermal and electronic conductivity; however, they typically show lower chemical stability and lower hardness than ceramics. It would be marvelous for a material to combine the properties of ceramics and metals. MAX phases are the materials that meet the challenge.MAX phases are a family of nanolaminate ternary nitrides and carbides, which were first discovered by Nowotny and his colleagues in Vienna. [2] In the beginning, MAX phases have a general formula of M nþ1 AX n (n ¼ 1-3), where M is a transition metal, A is an element from group A, and X is either carbon or nitrogen. The n value could be 1, 2, or 3, and the phases are named as 211, 312, and 413 MAX phases, respectively. These MAX phases show a hexagonal crystal structure (P63/mmc), consisting of M 6 X octahedra separated by A atomic layers. [3] M─X bonds in M 6 X octahedra are strong covalent bonds, whereas the M─A bonds between M 6 X and A atomic layer are much weaker, especially in shear. This unique bonding structure is analogous to graphite, and it is the special bonding structure that endows MAX phases properties of both ceramics and metals. On the one hand, MAX phases are stiff, lightweight, chemically stable, and oxidation resistant, which are the features of ceramics; on the other hand, they exhibit good electric and thermal conductivity as well as excellent machinability and damage tolerance, which are the features of metals.Unfortunately, MAX phases had not attracted enough attention in both academia and industry until 1996 when Barsoum et al. [4] synthesized and characterized Ti 3 SiC 2 . Ever since then, material researchers become more interested in this material. [5] In the past two decades, many MAX phases have been synthesized and tested to show highly unusual properties, [6] which will be discussed with detail in the following sections. The intensive extent of the researches on MAX phases can be demonstrated by the published papers (Figure 1). A remarkable jump can be observed between 1998 and 1999, and after that, the number of published papers increases steadily, reaching as high as 980 papers in 2019 (Figure 1a). From another aspect, the citation of the milestone paper published by Barsoum [4] also signific...

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“…Of all MAX phases, those containing Al, such as Ti 3 AlC 2 , are the most resistant to oxidation [2]. During exposure of Ti-Al-C MAX phases to oxidizing environment at high temperatures, the outward diffusion of the weakly bonded Al atoms is much faster compared to the more covalently bonded Ti atoms [2,17,18,19]. Therefore, it results in a regime, where a superficial protective layer of Al 2 O 3 is formed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Features of a nano-twist phase in the nanolayered Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

Guénolé

Taupin²,

Vallet³

et al. 2022

Scripta Materialia

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Microstructure-oxidation resistance relationship in Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

Cited by 44 publications

References 42 publications

Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti₂AlC ceramics

Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti₂AlC ceramics

MAX Phases as Nanolaminate Materials: Chemical Composition, Microstructure, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Features of a nano-twist phase in the nanolayered Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

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Microstructure-oxidation resistance relationship in Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

Cited by 44 publications

References 42 publications

Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti2AlC ceramics

Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti2AlC ceramics

MAX Phases as Nanolaminate Materials: Chemical Composition, Microstructure, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Features of a nano-twist phase in the nanolayered Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

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Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti₂AlC ceramics

Synthesis, sintering, and effect of surface roughness on oxidation of submicron Ti₂AlC ceramics