“…The microstructure of cast Al-Si alloys can be refined through chemical inoculation, for example with NiB [34], to refine the primary Al grain size, P to refine primary-Si [35], and Sr to refine eutectic Si [36][37][38]. Microstructural refinement can also be achieved by the application of physical force such as ultrasonication [39][40][41][42][43], shearing [44][45][46], electromagnetic fields [47][48][49], and/or by modifying processing conditions [50,51], such as cooling rate. Further, added elements such as Cu and Mg serves to improve mechanical properties through precipitation strengthening (using dispersion of Al2Cu, Al5Mg8Cu26) [31,33].…”