Microstructure and Surface Treatment of 304 Stainless Steel for Electronic Packaging

Sha, Chu-Hsuan; Lee, Chin C.

doi:10.1115/1.4003990

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In all of them three predominant peaks positioned at 43.5°(111), 50.79°(200), and 74.7°(220) are due to the characteristic metallic alloy of Fe, Ni, Cr, and Mn in SS-304 with the cubic crystal system of space group Fm3̅ m and the space group number of 225. These results are well matching with the earlier reports, 45,46 as well as to ICDD reference card number of 33-0397. Interestingly with SS-12, some low intense peaks of considerable counts were noticed between the diffraction angle ranges from 30°to 40°.…”

Section: T H Isupporting

confidence: 92%

High-Performance Oxygen Evolution Anode from Stainless Steel via Controlled Surface Oxidation and Cr Removal

Anantharaj

Venkatesh

Salunke

et al. 2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Improving the water oxidation performance of abundantly available materials, such as stainless steel (SS), with notable intrinsic electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity due to the presence of Ni and Fe is highly anticipated in water splitting. A new method for promoting the corrosion of stainless steel (304) was found which assisted the uniform formation of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) enhancing NiO incorporated Fe2O3 nanocrystals with the simultaneous reduction in the surface distribution of OER inactive Cr. An equimolar combination of KOH and hypochlorite was used as the corroding agent at 180 °C. The effect of corrosion time on the OER activity was studied and found that better water oxidation performance was observed when the corrosion time was 12 h (SS-12). The SS-12 showed an abnormal enhancement in OER activity compared to the untreated SS and other optimized versions of the same by requiring very low overpotentials of 260, 302, and 340 mV at the current densities of 10, 100, and 500 mA cm–2 along with a very low Tafel slope in the range of 35.6 to 43.5 mV dec–1. These numbers have certainly shown the high-performance electrocatalytic water oxidizing ability of SS-12. The comparative study revealed that the state-of-the-art IrO2 had failed to compete with our performance improved catalytic water oxidation anode “the SS-12”. This fruitful finding indicates that the SS-12 has the potential to be an alternate anode material to precious IrO2/RuO2 for alkaline water electrolyzers in future.

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Section: T H Isupporting

confidence: 92%

High-Performance Oxygen Evolution Anode from Stainless Steel via Controlled Surface Oxidation and Cr Removal

Anantharaj

Venkatesh

Salunke

et al. 2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…This spectrum matches very closely that reported by Silva et al in their powder diffraction pattern for 316L stainless steel 37 . In particular, the peak at 43.7° demonstrates that the phase is indeed austenitic rather than martensitic, which would…”

Section: Qcmmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The peak at 77.0° is also characteristic of the austenitic phase and may be assigned as the γ-(220) peak [40][41][42][43] .…”

Section: Gixrdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Neutron Reflectometry to Discern the Structure of Fibrinogen Adsorption at the Stainless Steel/Aqueous Interface

et al. 2016

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Neutron reflectometry has been successfully used to study adsorption on a stainless steel surface by means of depositing a thin steel film on silicon. The film was characterized using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) and GIXRD (grazing incidence X-ray diffraction), demonstrating the retention both of austenitic phase and of the required composition for 316L stainless steel. The adsorption of fibrinogen from a physiologically-relevant solution onto the steel surface was studied using neutron reflectometry and QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) and compared to that on a deposited chromium oxide surface. It was found that the protein forms an irreversibly-bound layer at low concentrations, with maximum protein concentration a distance of around 20 Å from the surface. Evidence for a further diffuse reversibly-bound layer forming at higher concentrations was also observed. Both the structure of the layer revealed by the neutron reflectometry data and the high water retention predicted by the QCM data suggest that there is a significant extent of protein unfolding upon adsorption. A lower extent of adsorption was seen on the chromium surfaces, although the adsorbed layer structures were similar, suggesting comparable adsorption mechanisms.

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“…Chronoamperometry was done at 1.8 V for the two electrode system consisting of only SS scrubbers as electrodes. All potential scales of all polarization curves except the ones obtained with two electrode systems of the SS scrubber were converted into reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) scale as per earlier literature. − Results of the material characterization studies and the comparative electrocatalytic water splitting studies are discussed coherently in subsequent sections.…”

Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stainless Steel Scrubber: A Cost Efficient Catalytic Electrode for Full Water Splitting in Alkaline Medium

Anantharaj

Chatterjee²,

Swaathini³

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Sometimes, searching for a cost efficient bifunctional catalytic material for water splitting can be accomplished from a very unlikely place. In this work, we are reporting such a discovery of utilizing the stainless steel (SS) scrubber directly as a catalytic electrode for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of water electrolysis in 1 M KOH. The iR corrected overpotential calculated at an areal current density of 10 mA cm–2 for a SS scrubber in HER is 315 mV which is 273 mV higher than Pt/C. Similarly, the SS scrubber required 418 mV at 10 mA cm–2 which is just 37 and 98 mV higher than Ni(OH)2 and RuO2. Interestingly, the kinetic analysis revealed that the SS scrubber had facile kinetics for both HER and OER in 1 M KOH as reflected by their corresponding Tafel slope values viz., 121 and 63 mV dec–1, respectively. In addition, the two electrode cell fabricated using the same SS scrubber electrode delivered 10 mA cm–2 at 1.98 V. Beyond everything, the SS scrubber had shown ultrahigh stability in both half-cell and full-cell studies for total water splitting. Further, as far as the cost of an electrode material per gram is concerned, the SS scrubber defeats all the best electrocatalysts of water splitting by having a price of just $0.012 USD which is $2.228 USD lower than pure Ni, $59.658 USD lower than RuO2 and $158.028 USD lower than Pt/C 20 wt % catalyst. The overall study specified that the SS scrubber can be adapted for cost-efficient large scale water electrolysis for bulk hydrogen production.

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Microstructure and Surface Treatment of 304 Stainless Steel for Electronic Packaging

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

High-Performance Oxygen Evolution Anode from Stainless Steel via Controlled Surface Oxidation and Cr Removal

High-Performance Oxygen Evolution Anode from Stainless Steel via Controlled Surface Oxidation and Cr Removal

Using Neutron Reflectometry to Discern the Structure of Fibrinogen Adsorption at the Stainless Steel/Aqueous Interface

Stainless Steel Scrubber: A Cost Efficient Catalytic Electrode for Full Water Splitting in Alkaline Medium

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