“…For AZO-decorated NCM523, the binding energy at 854.99 eV of Ni 2p 3/2 (Figure d) is very close to that for the pristine NCM523 sample (855.09 eV) with the increased intensity, which demonstrates that the oxidation state of Ni in both samples is a mixture of +2 and +3, and AZO decoration does not change the valence state of Ni element in host materials. , Moreover, the binding energy of Co 2p 3/2 (Figure e) main peaks around 780.09 eV represents the oxidation state of Co which is +3, which is in good agreement with the valence of Co in the host composite. , In addition, the Mn 2p 3/2 main peaks (Figure f) appear at 642.79 eV in the modified sample and at 642.59 eV in the pristine NCM523 sample corresponding to previous results for LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 . Meanwhile, the Zn 2p 3/2 peak of the AZO-decorated sample shown in Figure b is located at 1021.89 eV, in accordance with Zn 2+ oxidation state of the ZnO material. , The spectrum of Al 2s (Figure c) is observed at 118.29 eV, showing that the predominant oxidation state is +3. − Considering that the signal of matrix elements can be detected after AZO modification, perhaps the AZO nanoparticles are not uniformly coated on the surface of the pristine NCM523 particles. Actually, the existence of AZO is sparsely decorated on the surface and could decrease charge-transfer resistance, which will be discussed in the TEM measurement, rate property, and EIS analysis.…”