Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb and V Microalloyed TRIP-Assisted Steels

Oja, Olli; Saastamoinen, Ari; Patnamsetty, Madan; Honkanen, Mari; Peura, Pasi; Järvenpää, Martti

doi:10.3390/met9080887

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…0.1 wt.%) ( Scott et al., 2013 ). A similar effect has been documented in TRIP steels where an increase in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of up to 200 MPa has been recorded with no loss in elongation toughness upon co-incorporation of vanadium and nitrogen ( Oja et al., 2019 ; Perrard and Scott, 2007 ; Scott et al., 2004 ). Indeed, one of the challenges metallurgists face is the ability to increase a material property without the expense of another significantly.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Assessing the role of vanadium technologies in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and enabling the energy transition

et al. 2021

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Summary The decarbonization of heavy industry and the emergence of renewable energy technologies are inextricably linked to access to mineral resources. As such, there is an urgent need to develop benchmarked assessments of the role of critical elements in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we explore the role of vanadium in decarbonizing construction by serving as a microalloying element and enabling the energy transition as the primary component of flow batteries used for grid-level storage. We estimate that vanadium has enabled an avoided environmental burden totaling 185 million metric tons of CO 2 on an annual basis. A granular analysis estimates savings for China and the European Union at 1.15% and 0.18% of their respective emissions, respectively. Our results highlight the role of critical metals in developing low-carbon infrastructure while underscoring the need for holistic assessments to inform policy interventions that mitigate supply chain risks.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Assessing the role of vanadium technologies in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and enabling the energy transition

et al. 2021

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“… High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels: , typically containing ∼0.05% V Alloy steel: a diverse group that incorporates small amounts of several alloying elements together with enhanced processing to achieve high tensile strength and substantial elongation. − Vanadium is typically included at ∼ 0.01% or less (alloy steels are also termed special steels or full-alloy steels). Tool steel, complex alloys used principally to machine a wide variety of ferrous and nonferrous metals . In addition to tungsten (∼8%), molybdenum (∼5%), and chromium (∼4%), they contain vanadium at ∼0.5%. …”

Section: Method: the Structure Of The Vanadium Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alloy steel: a diverse group that incorporates small amounts of several alloying elements together with enhanced processing to achieve high tensile strength and substantial elongation. − Vanadium is typically included at ∼ 0.01% or less (alloy steels are also termed special steels or full-alloy steels).…”

Section: Method: the Structure Of The Vanadium Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Vanadium: A U.S. Perspective on an Understudied Metal

Graedel

Miatto

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Vanadium is an element that is little known except to those who manufacture high-performance iron alloys and other widely used metal products that are indispensable for creating improved product performance across a variety of final-use sectors. We report here on deriving a detailed material flow cycle for vanadium in the United States for 1992−2021, the most recent year for which detailed data are available. The steels [tool steel, alloy steels, and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels] are responsible for about half of the cumulative vanadium demand (167 Gg), with significantly smaller fractions being used to create catalysts, titanium−vanadium alloys, and several smaller product groups. These products flow to five end-use sectors, transport (61 Gg) and industrial machinery (62 Gg) being the largest. At end of product life, the vanadium-containing tool steels and catalysts are largely recycled, while most of the vanadium in carbon steels, alloy steels, HSLA steels, and other vanadium use sectors is functionally lost.

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“…Given this definition, we then searched the scientific literature and relevant databases for the compositions of specific alloys or alloy families that contain spice metals at low concentrations, in agreement with the limits specified (see Table 1 for references). Examples include niobium in steel alloys [46], hafnium in superalloys [47], and vanadium for high-strength low-alloy steels [48]. All these metals are used at <1 wt% concentration in one application whose total use as an alloy is >5 wt% of the total use of the element, and whose end-of-use functional recycling rate does not reach 20%.…”

Section: Spice Metal In Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alloy Profusion, Spice Metals, and Resource Loss by Design

Graedel

Miatto

2022

Sustainability

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One of the most unfortunate attributes of technology’s routine and widespread use of most of the elements in the periodic table is the abysmal functional recycling rates that result from the complexity of modern technology and the rudimentary technological state of the recycling industry. In this work, we demonstrate that the vast profusion of alloys, and the complexities and miniaturization of modern electronics, render functional recycling almost impossible. This situation is particularly true of “spice metals”: metals employed at very low concentrations to realize modest performance improvements in advanced alloys or complex electronics such as smartphones or laptops. Here, we present a formal definition of spice metals and explore the significant challenges that product design decisions impose on the recycling industry. We thereby identify nine spice metals: scandium (Sc), vanadium (V), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), niobium (Nb), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), erbium (Er), and hafnium (Hf). These metals are considered fundamental for the properties they provide, yet they are rarely recycled. Their routine use poses severe problems for the implementation of closed material loops and the circular economy. Based on the data and discussions in this paper, we recommend that spice metals be employed only where their use will result in a highly significant improvement, and that product designers place a strong emphasis on enabling the functional recycling of these metals after their first use.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb and V Microalloyed TRIP-Assisted Steels

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

Assessing the role of vanadium technologies in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and enabling the energy transition

Assessing the role of vanadium technologies in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and enabling the energy transition

Vanadium: A U.S. Perspective on an Understudied Metal

Alloy Profusion, Spice Metals, and Resource Loss by Design

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