Microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength steel deposits obtained by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

Bourlet, Clément; Zimmer-Chevret, Sandra; Pesci, Raphaël; Bigot, Régis; Robineau, A.; Scandella, Fabrice

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116759

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Studies on the properties of high strength steels as build-up material, such as ER120S-G/G 89 6 M21 Mn4Ni2CrMo (R p0.2 > 890 MPa) [10,11], ER110S-G/G 69 4 M Mn3Ni1CrM (R p0.2 > 710 MPa) [12,13], and ER100/G 69 6 M21 Mn4Ni1.5CrMo (R p0.2 > 720 MPa) [14], are available in the literature. It was investigated how the thermal cycles and the repeated heating of already deposited layers in 2-dimensional wall structures affect the microstructure and the mechanical properties.…”

Section: Thermal Influences During Waam Of Steel Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures

2021

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Additive manufacturing with steel opens up new possibilities for the construction sector. Especially direct energy deposition processes like DED-arc, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is capable of manufacturing large structures with a high degree of geometric freedom, which makes the process suitable for the manufacturing of force flow-optimized steel nodes and spaceframes. By the use of high strength steel, the manufacturing times can be reduced since less material needs to be deposited. To keep the advantages of the high strength steel, the effect of thermal cycling during WAAM needs to be understood, since it influences the phase transformation, the resulting microstructure, and hence the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, the influences of energy input, interpass temperature, and cooling rate were investigated by welding thin walled samples. From each sample, microsections were analyzed, and tensile test and Charpy-V specimens were extracted and tested. The specimens with an interpass temperature of 200 °C, low energy input and applied active cooling showed a tensile strength of ~ 860–900 MPa, a yield strength of 700–780 MPa, and an elongation at fracture between 17 and 22%. The results showed the formation of martensite for specimens with high interpass temperatures which led to low yield and high tensile strengths (Rp0.2 = 520–590 MPa, Rm = 780–940 MPa) for the specimens without active cooling. At low interpass temperatures, the increase of the energy input led to a decrease of the tensile and the yield strength while the elongation at fracture as well as the Charpy impact energy increased. The formation of upper bainite due to the higher energy input can be avoided by accelerated cooling while martensite caused by high interpass temperatures need to be counteracted by heat treatment.

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Section: Thermal Influences During Waam Of Steel Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures

2021

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“…LDM, WAAM) are also suitable for the production of AM components. Numerous metallic materials can be used, such as steels [2][3][4], aluminium materials [5][6][7] and nickel-based alloys [8][9][10]. Titanium and its alloys are of particular interest, especially to the aerospace industry, due to their excellent properties, including their high strength to density ratio and their resistance to corrosive environments [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electron beam processes serve as a useful alternative; because the process is carried out under vacuum, they are suitable for processing titanium and contamination by oxygen is avoided [18]. Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF 3 ) is one such wirebased DED process that uses an electron beam as a heat source. The feasibility of applying this process to titanium alloys has been already reported in the literature [19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recent literature [30] contains little information about contactless temperature measurements in vacuum-based EBF 3 . The present study was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of contactless temperature measurement methods when they are implemented inside a vacuum chamber (pyrometer measurement method) and under normal atmospheric conditions (thermal imaging technique).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contactless temperature measurement in wire-based electron beam additive manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V

et al. 2021

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The complex thermal cycles and temperature distributions observed in additive manufacturing (AM) are of particular interest as these define the microstructure and the associated properties of the part being built. Due to the intrinsic, layer-by-layer material stacking performed, contact methods to measure temperature are not suitable, and contactless methods need to be considered. Contactless infrared irradiation techniques were applied by carrying out thermal imaging and point measurement methods using pyrometers to determine the spatial and temporal temperature distribution in wire-based electron beam AM. Due to the vacuum, additional challenges such as element evaporation must be overcome and additional shielding measures were taken to avoid interference with the contactless techniques. The emissivities were calibrated by thermocouple readings and geometric boundary conditions. Thermal cycles and temperature profiles were recorded during deposition; the temperature gradients are described and the associated temperature transients are derived. In the temperature range of the α+β field, the cooling rates fall within the range of 180 to 350 °C/s, and the microstructural characterisation indicates an associated expected transformation of β→α'+α with corresponding cooling rates. Fine acicular α and α’ formed and local misorientation was observed within α as a result of the temperature gradient and the formation of the α’.

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“…Wire arc additive manufacturing is an additive manufacturing technology which provides high deposition rates and is a promising technology for fabricating medium‐large structures in a short period than other additive manufacturing systems [5]. Wire arc additive manufacturing process build components by stacking layers continuously where consumable wire is melted to deposit [6]. Wire arc additive manufacturing is performed with one of the arc‐based welding techniques: Gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, or plasma arc welding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural characterization and mechanical integrity of stainless steel 316L clad layers deposited via wire arc additive manufacturing for nuclear applications

Kannan¹,

Kumar²,

Pramod³

et al. 2021

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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The potential applications of stainless steel 316L components using wire arc additive manufacturing offers many benefits such as improved part complexity, higher deposition rate and less material waste. Microstructural examination indicates the strong interlayer bonding between cladded layers and was mainly austenitic with columnar and equiaxed dendrites while equiaxed grains with annealing twins were observed in the stainless steel 316L substrate. In the current study, we report that stainless steel 316L additively cladded via wire arc additive manufacturing exhibits a 11 % and 14 % increase in the yield strength and tensile strength, correspondingly in contrast to the stainless steel 316L substrate. The enhanced mechanical properties are attributed to the columnar structure and interlayer remelted peritectic growth. Hardness values were higher at the cladded layers compared to the interface and substrate. Interface sample failed in the substrate side and all samples exhibited ductile mode of fracture with fine dimples and micro voids. Wire arc additive manufacturing process can be employed for producing or repairing components with better mechanical properties and corrosion performance for elevated temperature environments including nuclear reactor applications.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength steel deposits obtained by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures

Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures

Contactless temperature measurement in wire-based electron beam additive manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V

Microstructural characterization and mechanical integrity of stainless steel 316L clad layers deposited via wire arc additive manufacturing for nuclear applications

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