Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Bimetallic Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Structure (BAMS) of SS304L and SS308L Fabricated by Hybrid Manufacturing Process

Ainapurapu, Sirisha Bhadrakali; Ramasastry, D.V.A.; Theagarajan, Ram Prabhu; Chigilipalli, Bharat Kumar; Kottala, Ravi Kumar; Cheepu, Muralimohan

doi:10.1007/s12666-022-02695-2

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A similar observation is also found during the deposition of SS308L wall with spray mode MIG WAAM. 16 The base metal composition and microstructure influence HAZ formation in austenitic stainless steel, and when utilizing a hot-rolled base plate, grain growth is frequently restricted in HAZ. Minor grain coarsening is detected in HAZ for both UIT and CIT deposition, and the effect of CIT and UIT on grain coarsening in HAZ is comparatively minor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mahya et al 15 investigated the interfacial bonding between wrought and WAAM martensite stainless steel using a GWAM torch. Ainapurapu et al 16 studied the effect of spray and pulse mode on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the interface of the WAAM SS308L wall on a forged base plate of SS304L. However, there is still the important challenge of high heat input with multilayer deposition, which is greatly reduced by adopting the cold metal transfer (CMT) variation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance evaluation of interfacial characteristics between cold metal transfer-wire arc additive manufactured SS308LSi and wrought SS304L with controlled and uncontrolled interlayer temperature

Koppu,

Motwani,

Lautre

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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The present work investigates the mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of the interface between the cold metal transfer (CMT)-wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) SS308LSi and wrought SS304L via controlled interlayer temperature (CIT) of 100–120°C and uncontrolled interlayer temperature (UIT). The thermal cycles on the substrate were recorded using K-type thermocouples and correlated with the mechanical and microstructure properties of deposited walls. Microstructure analysis of the interface cross-section revealed a defect-free interfacial bond with a columnar solidification structure with slightly coarser grains under UIT deposition compared to CIT deposition. The microhardness of wrought SS304L is in the range of 196 ± 9 HV, while that of UIT and CIT deposited 308LSi is 178.4 ± 7.02 HV and 183.4 ± 6 HV, respectively, with no aberrant hardness values at the interface. Tensile tests were performed on the wrought SS304L and WAAM SS308LSi transverse to their interface. The results revealed that interface strength is higher than that of WAAM deposits and failed with average ultimate tensile strengths of 589.1 and 580.9 MPa under CIT and UIT depositions, respectively. This work reveals that CMT-WAAM can produce high-quality interfacial bonding between WAAM SS308LSi and wrought SS304L.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of interfacial characteristics between cold metal transfer-wire arc additive manufactured SS308LSi and wrought SS304L with controlled and uncontrolled interlayer temperature

Koppu,

Motwani,

Lautre

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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“…Application of AM technique in various industries is increasing day by day. There are four primary categories of AM according to ASTM standards [1]. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a variation of direct energy deposition approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid approach consisting of multi-objective and multivariate analyses for WAAM specimens

2023

Self Cite

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In this study, a combination of multivariate and multi-objective analyses, namely principal component analysis with fuzzy logic, has been proposed to identify the input parameters for ER4043, aluminum alloy in wire arc additive manufacturing. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was designed with three-factor, three-level input parameters. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness were used as the output parameters. As the Taguchi optimization is not sufficient for multi-response optimization, observed data for each response were normalized and then principal component analysis was applied. Further, multi-response performance index (MRPI) was identified using fuzzy logic approach so that this hybrid approach could be successfully applied and MRPI could give a combination of input parameters at an optimal level.

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Preventing columnar grains growth during hybrid wire arc additive manufacturing of austenitic stainless steel 316L

Albannai,

León‐Henao,

Ramirez

2024

Engineering Reports

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient technique for producing medium to large‐size components, due to its accessibility and sustainability in fabricating large‐scale parts with high deposition rates, employing low‐cost and simple equipment, and achieving high material efficiency. Consequently, WAAM has garnered attention across various industrial sectors and experienced significant growth, particularly over the last decade, as it addresses and mitigates challenges within production markets. One of the primary limitations of WAAM is its thermal history during the process, which directly influences grain formation and microstructure heterogeneity in the resulting part. Understanding the thermal cycle of the WAAM process is thus crucial for process improvement. Typically, fabricating a part using WAAM results in a microstructure with three distinct zones along the build direction: an upper zone (thin surface layer) with fine grains, a middle zone dominated by undesirably long and large columnar grains covering more than 90% of the produced part, and a lower zone with smaller to intermediate columnar grains closer to the substrate material. These zones arise from variations in cooling rates, with the middle zone exhibiting the lowest cooling rate due to 2D conduction heat transfer. Consequently, producing a component with a microstructure comprising three different zones, with a high fraction of large and long columnar grains, significantly impacts the final mechanical properties. Therefore, controlling the size and formation of these grain zones plays a key role in improving WAAM. The aim of this work is to investigate the formation of undesired columnar grains in austenitic stainless steel 316L during WAAM and propose a simple hybrid technique by combining WAAM with a hot forging process (with or without interlayer cooling time). This approach targets the disruption of the solidification pattern of columnar grain growth during deposition progression and aims to enhance the microstructure of WAAM components.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Bimetallic Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Structure (BAMS) of SS304L and SS308L Fabricated by Hybrid Manufacturing Process

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Performance evaluation of interfacial characteristics between cold metal transfer-wire arc additive manufactured SS308LSi and wrought SS304L with controlled and uncontrolled interlayer temperature

Performance evaluation of interfacial characteristics between cold metal transfer-wire arc additive manufactured SS308LSi and wrought SS304L with controlled and uncontrolled interlayer temperature

A hybrid approach consisting of multi-objective and multivariate analyses for WAAM specimens

Preventing columnar grains growth during hybrid wire arc additive manufacturing of austenitic stainless steel 316L

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