Microstructure and mechanical properties of TOP-TIG-wire and arc additive manufactured super duplex stainless steel (ER2594)

Zhang, Xiaoyong; Wang, Kehong; Zhou, Qi; Ding, Jialuo; Ganguly, Saibal; Grasso, Marzio; Yang, Dongqing; Xu, Xin; Dirisu, Philip; Williams, Stewart

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.138097

Cited by 67 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…These have higher content of expensive alloying elements (25Cr7Ni) for more superior corrosion resistance and, thus, more often used in the oil and gas industry where strength and corrosion are determining factors. Recently, Zhang et al [28] showed difficulties in achieving balanced amounts of α/γ phases, where an austenite fraction increase was inevitable due to precipitation of the intragranular secondary austenite during deposition. Moreover, the presence of CrN/Cr 2 N and various impurities were responsible for losses in mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing with Superduplex Stainless Steel Wire by CMT Process

Lervåg

Sørensen

Robertstad

et al. 2020

Metals

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For many years, the oil and gas industry has utilized superduplex stainless steels due to their high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was used with superduplex filler wire to create walls with different heat input. Due to the multiple heating and cooling cycles during layer deposition, brittle secondary phases may form such as intermetallic sigma (σ) phase. By inspecting deposited walls within wide range of heat inputs (0.40–0.87 kJ/mm), no intermetallic phases formed due to low inter-pass temperatures used, together with the high Ni content in the applied wire. Lower mechanical properties were observed with high heat inputs due to low ferrite volume fraction, precipitation of Cr nitrides and formation of secondary austenite. The walls showed good toughness values based on both Charpy V-notch and CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) testing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing with Superduplex Stainless Steel Wire by CMT Process

Lervåg

Sørensen

Robertstad

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…In addition to the secondary austenite, the coarsening of GBA, WA, and IGA also played crucial roles in the excessive growth of austenite. The coarsening mechanism as well as the generation of secondary austenite can be find in our previous work [16]. During the austenite reformation, element redistribution between austenite and ferrite is unavoidable.…”

Section: Microstructure Characterization and Element Partitioningmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…However, in contrast to melting electrode arc additive manufacturing, such as CMT WAAM and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) WAAM, non-melting electrode arc additive manufacturing with SDSSs, such as tungsten inert gas (TIG) WAAM, was conducted in our laboratory. In our previous study [16], with the subsequent layers, excessive growth of the austenite phase (coarsening GBA, WA and IGA, along with the propagation of the intragranular secondary austenite) was found in the wall-body area. As a result, high impact toughness was observed in this area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Element partitioning and electron backscatter diffraction analysis from feeding wire to as-deposited microstructure of wire and arc additive manufacturing with super duplex stainless steel

Zhang

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2020

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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The redistribution of alloying elements and the crystallographic characterizations in wire and arc additive manufactured (WAAM) super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) was investigated from the wire to the final as-deposited structure. The results showed that elemental partitioning between austenite and ferrite was suppressed in the last layer and the solidified droplet. The high Ni content but low Cr and N contents in the initial state of the intragranular austenite (IGA) confirmed the predominance of the chromium nitrides acted as the nucleation sites. Gathering of nitrogen was found more distinct in the coarsening IGA, Widmanstätten austenite (WA) than the grain boundary austenite (GBA). The columnar epitaxial ferrite presented a strong <001> texture in the deposition direction, while the <001> and <101> orientations was found in the austenite. Random orientations of the intragranular secondary austenite was revealed. The Rotated Cube texture of the austenite grains were consumed by the "recrystallization" textures (Brass, Rotated Brass, Cu, R, E, and F) caused by the austenite reformation. The low-angle interphase boundaries between austenite and ferrite were predominated in the as-deposited wall, and, at which, the K-S orientation took the crucial part. A Taylor factor analysis revealed that through fabrication via additive process, the austenite became oriented "harder" and contributed most to good mechanical properties. The textured microstructure contributed about a 2.6% higher engineering strain in the Z direction and a 27.8 MPa higher yield strength in the X direction.

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“…Cooling rates and temperatures of different heat treatments have a significant impact on phase transformation of alloy 17-4 PH [91]. For duplex stainless steels, the ratio of austenite to ferrite phase crucially affects the properties in strength and corrosion resistance [107]. The high content of austenite and the formation of secondary austenite can significantly lower corrosion resistance and strength of stainless steel [89].…”

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

et al. 2020

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions, process parameters, shielding gas composition, post heat treatments, microstructure, and defects can significantly influence the mechanical properties of WAAM stainless steels. To achieve high quality WAAM stainless steel parts, there is still a strong need to further study the underlying physical metallurgy mechanisms of the WAAM process and post heat treatments to optimize the WAAM and heat treatment parameters and thus control the microstructure. WAAM samples often show considerable anisotropy both in microstructure and mechanical properties. The new in-situ rolling + WAAM process is very effective in reducing the anisotropy, which also can reduce the residual stress and distortion. For future industrial applications, fatigue properties, and corrosion behaviors of WAAMed stainless steels need to be deeply studied in the future. Additionally, further efforts should be made to improve the WAAM process to achieve faster deposition rates and better-quality control.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of TOP-TIG-wire and arc additive manufactured super duplex stainless steel (ER2594)

Cited by 67 publications

References 43 publications

Additive Manufacturing with Superduplex Stainless Steel Wire by CMT Process

Additive Manufacturing with Superduplex Stainless Steel Wire by CMT Process

Element partitioning and electron backscatter diffraction analysis from feeding wire to as-deposited microstructure of wire and arc additive manufacturing with super duplex stainless steel

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

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