“…The traditional fusion welding process is prone to defects such as welding hot cracks, inclusions, porosity, alloy element burning, and welding residual deformation, which will significantly reduce the welding quality. Compared with fusion welding, friction stir welding has the advantages of solid-state connection, lower production cost, and excellent joint performance in aluminum alloy welding [6,7,8]. If the welding parameters are not properly controlled, it will easily lead to changes in physical processes such as material heat generation, plastic flow state and even lead to welding defects [9,10].…”