“…Fusion welding, such as laser welding, electron beam welding, and resistance spot welding, and solid-state welding, such as ultrasonic spot welding (USW), friction-stir spot welding (FSSW), and diffusion bonding, have been attempted to join dissimilar materials (e.g., Mg and Ó 2015 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society steel). [19][20][21][22][23][24] USW has been identified as an emerging solid-state joining technique because of its low energy consumption coupled with a short welding time. 25 A big concern in such dissimilar metal joints, especially Mg-to-steel joints, is the galvanic corrosion because of the direct Mg-to-steel contact.…”