Microstructure and deformation behavior of biocompatible TiO2 nanotubes on titanium substrate☆

Crawford, Grant A.; Chawla, Nikhilesh; Das, Kakoli; Bose, Susmita; Bandyopadhyay, Amit

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.08.004

Cited by 236 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The process of nanotube formation on titanium-rich alloys has been already described in the literature by Macak et al [23], Crawford et al [24], Roy et al [25], and Rafieerad et al [26]. It consists of several steps which can be described as follows:…”

Section: Nanotubes Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Stępień

Handzlik

Fitzner

2016

J Solid State Electrochem

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The aim of the present work was to investigate electrochemical behavior of the Ti6Al7Nb alloy in the simulated body fluid (SBF) containing Ca 2+ , HCO 3 − , and HPO 4 2 − ions. At first, optimal conditions necessary for oxide nanotube formation were determined. The experiments were conducted in the 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 with 0.5 wt% NH 4 F electrolyte at room temperature. Anodization of the alloy samples was carried out under variable external voltage U in the range from 10 to 40 V at room temperature. Obtained surface morphology was examined by SEM and X-ray techniques. Nanotube diameter was calculated and correlated with the imposed voltage. Having control over the size of nanotubes, samples with the obtained nanostructures of a chosen diameter were immersed into SBF solution with pH = 7.4 for a fixed period of time. Then, they were removed from the fluid and subjected to the electrochemical investigation. Corrosion current and corrosion potential were determined, and it was found that the best anticorrosion properties were obtained for heat-treated nanotube layer: i corr = 39 nA/cm 2 and E corr = −0.236 V vs Ag/AgCl. Finally, the interaction between the oxide surface and the solution was studied using polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.

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Section: Nanotubes Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Stępień

Handzlik

Fitzner

2016

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…Literature reports show that the indentation could lead to densification, caused by the collapse of nanotubes under pressure, resulting in results variation [16]. Therefore, other tests were performed using just one loading/unloading cycle and a lower load, 20mN.…”

Section: Elastic Modulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instrumented indentation is the most suitable technique to determine the elastic modulus of thin films, however the initial roughness and the probe geometry can impose some limitations. Crawford [13] has examined the deformation behavior of a nanotube layer using nanoindentation tests with a Berkovich probe, what led to a indentation penetration higher than the thickness of the nanotube layer and wear marks on indentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic modulus evaluation of Titania nanotubes obtained by anodic oxidation

et al. 2014

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The use of titania (TiO 2 ) nanotubes is becoming one of the most attractive techniques as surface treatment for implants due its combination of morphology (that accelerates osteoblast adhesion and proliferation), bioactivity and possibility of being use as a drug vehicle. Anodic oxidation is one of the cheapest and simplest approaches to obtain highly ordered nanotubes. Parameters such as applied potential, reaction time and fluoride containing in the electrolyte define the nanotubes morphology. However, the mechanical properties of the nanotubes layer do not have been completely elucidated and they play a crucial role in the implant long term stability. The objective of this research was to obtain TiO 2 nanotubes using anodic oxidation and to determine their elastic modulus and hardness. The TiO 2 nanotubes layer was obtained in a fluoride containing electrolyte for 1 hour, one group at 15 V and another one at 25 V. The TiO 2 nanotubes morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elastic modulus and hardness were evaluated by nanoindentation experiments using a spherical tip. SEM images showed highly ordered nanotubes on all titanium surfaces and it was observed that the nanotubes diameters are directly related with the applied potential. Nanotubes diameters are 66 ± 9 nm and 131 ± 22 nm for nanotubes obtained at 15 V and 25 V, respectively. Nanoindentation test results showed a decrease in the elastic modulus comparing with titanium reference and these values approach to cortical bone elastic modulus. These results demonstrate that it was possible to obtain a homogeneous TiO 2 nanotubes layer that has mechanical properties adequate to improve implant long-term stability.

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“…To assess the bone -implant integration and the bond strength between the coating and substrate, several mechanical tests were applied, like adhesion test by pull-off method using scratch tester [31], tensile test [32], compressive strength test on universal testing machine [33], or nanoindentation which is the most appropriate method for a very thin coating with the thickness less than 10 µm [34]. The authors observed that coating delamination occurred on unloading due to residual stresses for a very thin coating (nanotubes length up to 250 nm) and not for thicker coatings (600-650 nm).…”

Section: Fem Modelling Of Mechanical Properties Of Nanotubular Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotubular Titanium Oxide Layers for Enhancement of Bone-Implant Bonding and Bioactivity

Sobieszczyk¹,

Klotzke²

2011

Advances in Materials Sciences

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Titanium and titanium alloys are frequently used in orthopaedic implants in load bearing situations because they possess favourable properties, such as a good ductility, tensile and fatigue strength, modulus of elasticity matching that of bones, low weight, and good biocompatibility. The drawback of Ti implants is their poor osseointegration and osteoconductive properties. The present paper describes the techniques to improve the bioactivity of titanium and enhance the bone-implant bonding ability by the electrochemical anodization to fabricate titania nanotube arrays (TiO 2 ). The naturally formed oxide layer has bio-inert character and does not readily form a strong interface with surrounding tissue. It has been proved that osseointegration of titanium implants can be improved by rough surfaces of Ti implants [1,2]. The nanotubular surface enhances adhesion, growth and differentiation of the cells. The nanotubular arrays increase the roughness of titanium implants on the nanoscale, providing the surface similar to that of a human bone. Bone-forming cells tend to adhere to the surfaces that are similar to natural bone both in chemistry and roughness. Nanotubular layers provide a high surface-to-volume ratio with controllable dimensions which are able to differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblastic cells. Moreover, the anodized nanotubular arrays on titanium surface can be used as reservoirs for drugs (antiinflammatory, and improving bone-growth) with prolonged drug release ability. Also, there is possibility to further enhance bioactivity of titanium implant with nanotubular surface by hydroxyapatite deposition into the titania nanotubes which further promotes bone ingrowth. The application of nanotubular structures of oxide layers can be optimized taking into consideration some important parameters as osseointegration rate and interface strength determined by nanotube mean size and length. The paper critically reviews so far investigations focused on nanooxidation of titanium and titanium alloys. The numerical model of nanotubular arrays with the use of Finite Element Method (FEM) is proposed for an assessment of the load transfer and stress distribution under applied loading which could be a critical factor when considering the described application of nanotubes.

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Microstructure and deformation behavior of biocompatible TiO2 nanotubes on titanium substrate☆

Cited by 236 publications

References 35 publications

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Elastic modulus evaluation of Titania nanotubes obtained by anodic oxidation

Nanotubular Titanium Oxide Layers for Enhancement of Bone-Implant Bonding and Bioactivity

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