Microstructural response of β-stabilized Ti–6Al–4V manufactured by direct energy deposition

Narayana, P.L.; Lee, Sang‐Won; Choi, Sunwoong; Li, Cheng Lin; Park, Chan Hee; Yeom, Jong‐Taek; Reddy, N.S.; Hong, Jae‐Keun

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152021

Cited by 56 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Three different strategies were found in the literature to promote the columnar-to-equiaxed (CTE) transition (CET) during L-PBF, i.e. optimizing process parameters such as in steels [194,195] and nickel-based alloys [196], the addition of solute elements with a high supercooling capacity like in titanium alloys [190,[197][198][199][200], and exploring grain refiners for aluminum alloys [201][202][203][204][205][206].…”

Section: Microstructure Manipulation-oriented Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They demonstrated a pathway to additively manufacture Ti-Cu alloys with fine equiaxed prior-β grains and an ultrafine eutectoid lamellar structure. Similarly, Narayana et al [199] and Simonelli et al [200] investigated the addition of Fe in Ti6Al4V alloy during DED and L-PBF, respectively. They found that the addition of 3%-4% Fe resulted in a significant reduction of prior β grains from ∼190 µm to ∼70 µm [199] and the further increase of Fe (>4%) content showed only a limited further benefit [200].…”

Section: Cetmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alloy design for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a critical review

Liu,

Zhou,

Liang

et al. 2024

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively studied in recent decades. Despite the significant progress achieved in manufacturing complex shapes and structures, challenges such as severe cracking when using existing alloys for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) AM persisted. This is due to the fact that commercial alloys are primarily designed for conventional casting or forging processes, without considering the fast cooling rates, steep temperature gradients, and multiple thermal cycles of L-PBF. To address this, there is an urgent need to develop novel alloys specifically tailored for L-PBF technologies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the strategies employed in alloy design for L-PBF. It aims to guide future research on designing novel alloys dedicated to L-PBF instead of adapting the existing alloys for L-PBF. The review begins by discussing the features of L-PBF processes, focusing on rapid solidification and intrinsic heat treatment. Next, the printability of the four main existing alloys (Fe-, Ni-, Al-, and Ti-based alloys) is critically assessed, with a comparison to their conventional weldability. It was found that the weldability criteria are not always applicable in estimating printability. Furthermore, the review presents recent advances in alloy development and associated strategies, categorizing them into crack mitigation-oriented, microstructure manipulation-oriented, and machine learning-assisted approaches. Lastly, an outlook and suggestions are given to highlight the issues that need be addressed in future work.

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Section: Microstructure Manipulation-oriented Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alloy design for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a critical review

Liu,

Zhou,

Liang

et al. 2024

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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“…As shown in Figure 2a, the prior β grains are either aligned or slightly inclined to the building direction, on the YZ and XZ planes, while they exhibit an equiaxed grain shape on the XY plane. They tended to epitaxially grow along the building direction, owing to the hightemperature gradient during laser deposition [11]. The columnar grains exhibit a thickness of approximately 100−200 µm on both of the YZ and XZ planes.…”

Section: Microstructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LMD is an advanced AM technique that allows direct fabrication of full density near-net-shape metal components based on coaxial powder-delivery layer-on-layer deposition [11]. This process is characterized by a large temperature gradient and rapid cooling rate, which, thus, result in large columnar prior β grains and fine basket-weave microstructure [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and High-Temperature Properties of TC31 Alloy Manufactured by Laser Melting Deposition

Guo

Zong

et al. 2022

Crystals

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This paper presents a comprehensive study conducted to optimize the mechanical properties for a laser-melting-deposition fabricated TC31 (Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Nb-W-Si) alloy, which is a newly developed high-temperature alloy used in the aerospace industry. The results showed that the laser melting deposition (LMD)-built sample exhibited columnar structures with very fine α-laths inside. Annealing and solution treatment resulted in an α+β lamellar structure consisting of α-laths and β-films, of which thicknesses depended on the temperature. Solution treatment and subsequent aging did not significantly change the lamellar structure. However, aging at 650 °C led to the formation of nanoscale α precipitates within the remaining β, while aging at 750 °C resulted in coarse α precipitates. The solution-treated samples exhibited the best combination of strength and ductility at room temperature, ultimate tensile strength of 1047 MPa, and elongation of 13.0%, which is superior to the wrought TC31 counterparts. The sample after solution treatment at 980 °C and subsequent aging at 650 °C obtained an attractive combination of strength and ductility both at room temperature and high temperature due to the synergistic effect of the soft α + β lamellar structure and hard fine α precipitates. These findings provide valuable information on developments of LMD-built TC31 alloy for aerospace applications and shed light on AM of other titanium alloys with desirable high-temperature properties.

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“…In order to solve the above problems caused by the subsequent heat treatment, some scientists have adopted alloying technology to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy by the addition of alloying elements during LAM. 12) Teddy et al 13) investigated the effect of Fe additions on the microstructure and properties of as-cast titanium alloys and found that the strength was increased with an increase of Fe. Wang et al 14) studied the influence of Nb content on the microstructure of TiNb alloys fabricated via selective laser melting and found that Nb could decrease the dimension of the original ¢ grains and increase the amount of ¢-Ti, which result in the improvement of mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Improvement of Laser Additive Manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V via the Niobium Addition

Wang

Shang

et al. 2020

Mater. Trans.

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Titanium alloys with high specific strength have widespread applications within the aerospace industry. However, the direct fabrication of titanium alloys with excellent performance is very difficult using traditional manufacturing techniques. In the present work, we adopted advanced laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology to fabricate Ti6Al4V titanium alloy via the addition of Niobium (Nb), which result in the improvement of mechanical properties. The effects of Nb additions on microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloys were investigated. Research results showed that the addition of Nb not only significantly refined the original ¢-Ti and the primary acicular ¡-Ti structure, but also increased the content of ¢-Ti to some extent, which contributed to improving both the strength and plasticity of the material. The tensile strength, yield strength, the elongation, and the section shrinkage of the Ti6Al4V+Nb increased by 15.2%, 6.9%, 2.6%, and 7.4%, respectively, compared with Ti6Al4V, which exceeded the required forging standard.

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Microstructural response of β-stabilized Ti–6Al–4V manufactured by direct energy deposition

Cited by 56 publications

References 49 publications

Alloy design for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a critical review

Alloy design for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a critical review

Microstructure and High-Temperature Properties of TC31 Alloy Manufactured by Laser Melting Deposition

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Improvement of Laser Additive Manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V via the Niobium Addition

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