Microstructural features of novel corrosion-resistant maraging steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Palad, Robert; Tian, Yuan; Chadha, Kanwal; Rodrigues, Samuel Filgueiras; Aranas, Clodualdo

doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128026

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Within the epitaxially grown grains, the different remnant cells were observed to have an average spacing of ~0.67 µm with orientations mostly perpendicular to the melt pool boundaries, but other directions were also observed, owing to the preferential growth direction (100) in cubic structures, as discussed theoretically in [55]. The presence of such remnant cellular structures within the melt pool boundaries of 18Ni-300 maraging steels is inherent to the rapid rate of melt pool solidification (on the order of 10 6 • C/s) during LPBF processing [56][57][58].…”

Section: Macro/microstructuresmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Maraging Steel Produced Using Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

Sarafan

Wanjara

Gholipour

et al. 2021

JMMP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hybrid manufacturing is often used to describe a combination of additive and subtractive processes in the same build envelope. In this research study, hybrid manufacturing of 18Ni-300 maraging steel was investigated using a Matsuura LUMEX Avance-25 system that integrates metal additive manufacturing using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing with high-speed machining. A series of benchmarking coupons were additively printed at four different power levels (160 W, 240 W, 320 W, 380 W) and with the integration of sequential machining passes after every 10 deposited layers, as well as final finishing of selected surfaces. Using non-contact three-dimensional laser scanning, inspection of the final geometry of the 18Ni-300 maraging steel coupons against the computer-aided design (CAD) model indicated the good capability of the Matsuura LUMEX Avance-25 system for net-shape manufacturing. Linear and areal roughness measurements of the surfaces showed average Ra/Sa values of 8.02–14.64 µm for the as-printed walls versus 0.32–0.80 µm for the machined walls/faces. Using Archimedes and helium (He) gas pycnometry methods, the part density was measured to be lowest for coupons produced at 160 W (relative density of 93.3–98.5%) relative to those at high power levels of 240 W to 380 W (relative density of 99.0–99.8%). This finding agreed well with the results of the porosity size distribution determined through X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT). Evaluation of the static tensile properties indicated that the coupons manufactured at the lowest power of 160 W were ~30% lower in strength, 24% lower in stiffness, and more than 80% lower in ductility relative to higher power conditions (240 W to 380 W) due to the lower density at 160 W.

show abstract

Section: Macro/microstructuresmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Maraging Steel Produced Using Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

Sarafan

Wanjara

Gholipour

et al. 2021

JMMP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, their orientations may deviate due to temperature inhomogeneity during manufacturing, violent Marangoni flow in the melt pool, and crystal orientation [28,29]. The primary dendrite arm spacing was measured to be 0.41 ± 0.23 µm, suggesting the cooling rate in the magnitude of 10 6 • C/s [7]. The scan tracks from LPBF can be seen in Figure 3c,d.…”

Section: Microstructure Of As-printed Samplementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Thus, some materials may not be applicable to the LPBF process. Recently, there has been much research on the LPBF of steels [6][7][8][9], nickel-based superalloys [4,5], titanium alloys [10,11], and aluminum alloys [12,13]. Another method similar to LPBF is electron beam melting (EBM) [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of an Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel

Chadha

Tian²,

Bocher

et al. 2020

Materials

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 maraging steel were determined. Optical and electron microscopies revealed the formation of melt pool boundaries and epitaxial grain growth with cellular dendritic structures after the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. The cooling rate is estimated to be around 106 °C/s during solidification, which eliminates the nucleation of any precipitates. However, it allows the formation of austenite with a volume fraction of about 5% and dendritic structures with primary arm spacing of 0.41 ± 0.23 µm. The electron backscatter diffraction analysis showed the formation of elongated grains with significant low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). Then, a solutionizing treatment was applied to the as-printed samples to dissolve all the secondary phases, followed by aging treatment. The reverted austenite was evident after heat treatment, which transformed into martensite after tensile testing. The critical plastic stresses for this transformation were determined using the double differentiation method. The tensile strength of the alloy increased from 1214 MPa to 2106 MPa after the aging process due to the formation of eta phase. The experimental data were complemented with thermodynamic and mechanical properties simulations, which showed a discrepancy of less than 3%.

show abstract

“…However, despite the benefits of AM, one major limitation is its creation of unfeasibly high crack sensitivity in known commercial alloys. For this reason, new alloys must be designed and developed to maximize the benefits of this emerging technology [ 8 ]. The material most frequently used, in addition to the austenitic alloys AISI 316L or AISI 304, is 18% Ni maraging steel X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 (EN: 1.2709, known also as 18Ni(300), BÖHLER W722 AMPO, Maraging 300) that is hardened by nanometer-sized intermetallic precipitates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The M789 powder was launched within the past 3 years, and detailed research in its field is still in progress. The first work was carried out by Turk [ 9 ] and then by Pallad et al [ 8 , 10 ] and is still being carried out [ 11 ]. Pallad et al [ 8 , 10 ] reported on M789 steel; the hardness increases from about 31 HRC to around 52 HRC and tensile strength from about 1019 MPa to around 1798 MPa after heat treatment, i.e., at 500 °C for 120 min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Co-Free Maraging Steel M789 Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Brytan

Król

Benedyk³

et al. 2022

Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This research aims to characterize and examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of the newly developed M789 steel, applied in additive manufacturing. The data presented herein will bring about a broader understanding of the processing–microstructure–property–performance relationships in this material based on its chemical composition and heat treatment. Samples were printed using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process and then the solution was annealed at 1000 °C for 1 h, followed by aging at 500 °C for soaking times of 3, 6 and 9 h. The AM components showed a relative density of 99.1%, which arose from processing with the following parameters: laser power of 200 W, laser speed of 340 mm/s, and hatch distance of 120 µm. Optical and electron microscopy observations revealed microstructural defects, typical for LPBF processes, like voids appearing between the melted pools of different sizes with round or creviced geometries, nonmelted powder particle formation inside such cavities, and small spherical porosity that was preferentially located between the molten pools. In addition, in heat-treated conditions, AM maraging steel has combined oxide inclusions of Ti and Al (TiO2:Al2O3) that reside along the grain boundaries and secondary porosities; these may act as preferential zones for crack initiation and may increase the brittleness of the AM steel under aged conditions. Consequently, the elongation of the AM alloy was low (<3%) for both annealed and aged solution conditions. The tensile strength of AM M789 increased from 968 MPa (solution annealed) to 1500–1600 MPa after the aging process due to precipitation within the intermetallic η-phase. A tensile strength and yield point of 1607 ± 26 and 1617 ± 45 MPa were obtained, respectively, after a full heat treatment at 500 °C/6 h. The results show that 3 h aging of solution annealed AM M789 steel achieves satisfactory material properties in industrial practice. Extending the aging time of printed parts to 6 h yields slightly improved properties but may not be worth the effort, while long-term aging (9 h) was shown to even reduce quality.

show abstract

Microstructural features of novel corrosion-resistant maraging steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation of Maraging Steel Produced Using Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

Evaluation of Maraging Steel Produced Using Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing

Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of an Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Co-Free Maraging Steel M789 Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About