Microstructural engineering of a dual-phase Ti-Al-V-Fe alloy via in situ alloying during laser powder bed fusion

Chen, Ming; Petegem, S. Van; Zou, Zhiyi; Simonelli, Marco; Tse, Yau Yau; Chang, Carlin; Makowska, Małgorzata; Sánchez, Darío Ferreira; Swygenhoven, Helena Moens-Van

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103173

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Similar results were also noted in other LPBF-produced Ti alloys using the mixed metallic powder as the feedstock, such as the Ti-Al-V-Fe system and the Ti-Nb system. [42,43] The different melting points between Ti and Cu elements, together with the low diffusion rate of Cu powder, were considered the main reasons for the nonuniform morphology of the LPBFed Ti5Cu. [23,44] The magnified microstructure in Figure 4d shows a microstructure dominated by the acicular α'-Ti phase, which is a typical morphology for LPBF-produced α-type Ti alloys.…”

Section: Microstructure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Corrosion and Long‐Term Immersion Behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Ti5Cu After Heat Treatment

et al. 2023

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This work investigates the corrosion behavior and mechanism of laser powder bed fusion produced (LPBFed) Ti5Cu and its heat‐treated counterparts in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The results indicate that heat treatment can enhance the corrosion resistance of LPBFed Ti5Cu by generating Ti2Cu phase, and heat treatment at higher temperature enhances corrosion resistance by forming a stable oxide film with a lower electron diffusion rate. The existence of Ti2Cu phase in the heat‐treated sample acts as the microanode that decelerates the corrosion on α‐Ti phase (prior dissolution of Ti2Cu phase). The long‐term immersion test results also confirm that the Ti2Cu phase present in HT900 (at higher heat‐treatment temperature) provides a better protective effect against corrosion compared to the one in HT740 and as‐LPBFed samples. Compared with the heat‐treated counterparts, the worst corrosion resistance of the as‐LPBFed Ti5Cu is attributed to that the acidic environment (e.g., Cl−) increases the electron diffusion rate in the film/solution interface, which makes the thermodynamically unstable α'‐Ti phase be preferentially corroded.

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Section: Microstructure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Corrosion and Long‐Term Immersion Behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Ti5Cu After Heat Treatment

et al. 2023

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“…and anisotropy. Zhang et al [16] used Cu additions, but similar effects have been demonstrated using Fe, [17][18][19][20] Ni, [19,21,22] and Co. [23] The transition metals mentioned before belong to the group of β-eutectoid-forming elements when added to Ti. [1,24] Upon heat treatment below the eutectoid temperature, the β-phase decomposes into α phase and various intermetallic phases with different stoichiometry and crystallography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Recently, several works explored the introduction of transition metals into titanium alloys. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Zhang et al [16] suggested that alloying elements with pronounced partitioning behavior into the remaining melt during solidification and a steep liquidus curve provide a high growth restriction factor, resulting in grain refinement and a strong reduction of texture DOI: 10.1002/adem.202300177 Titanium alloys gain increasing importance in industry due to the expansion of advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing. Conventional titanium alloys processed by such technologies suffer from formation of large primary grains and anisotropy of mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, several works explored the introduction of transition metals into titanium alloys. [ 16–23 ] Zhang et al [ 16 ] suggested that alloying elements with pronounced partitioning behavior into the remaining melt during solidification and a steep liquidus curve provide a high growth restriction factor, resulting in grain refinement and a strong reduction of texture and anisotropy. Zhang et al [ 16 ] used Cu additions, but similar effects have been demonstrated using Fe, [ 17–20 ] Ni, [ 19,21,22 ] and Co. [ 23 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of the Eutectoid Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni Alloy Modified with Fe and Cr

Pfaffinger,

Staufer,

Edtmaier

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Titanium alloys gain increasing importance in industry due to the expansion of advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing. Conventional titanium alloys processed by such technologies suffer from formation of large primary grains and anisotropy of mechanical properties. Therefore, novel alloys are required. Herein, the effect of ternary alloying elements Fe and Cr on the Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni eutectoid system is investigated. Both elements act as eutectoid formers. Fe and Cr show sluggish transformation behavior, whereas Ni is an active eutectoid‐forming element. Thereby, sluggish refers to slow and active to fast transformation kinetics. The focus of this work is on the combined addition of such elements studied under different heat‐treatment conditions. It is shown in the results that largely varying microstructures can be generated resulting in hardness values ranging from 239 to 556 HV0.1. Moreover, the formation of a substructure within the α phase of direct aged alloys is observed. The formation mechanism of this substructure is investigated in detail. The mechanical properties are discussed based on the microstructural characteristics. The presence of intermetallic Ti2Ni phase increases the Young's modulus, whereas the presence of ω phase results in embrittlement. The results shed light upon the complex phase formation and decomposition behavior of titanium alloys based on Ti–6.4Ni.

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“…This is due to the activation of multiple slip modes and twins during solidification and deformation. Chen et al [161] utilized blended powders of Ti6Al4V and 3 wt.% Fe particles during L-PBF. The as-built microstructures transit from α' dominated microstructure to a nearly complete β-dominated microstructure, exhibiting high strength and enhanced ductility without post-heat treatments.…”

Section: Ti-based Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alloy design for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a critical review

Liu,

Zhou,

Liang

et al. 2024

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively studied in recent decades. Despite the significant progress achieved in manufacturing complex shapes and structures, challenges such as severe cracking when using existing alloys for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) AM persisted. This is due to the fact that commercial alloys are primarily designed for conventional casting or forging processes, without considering the fast cooling rates, steep temperature gradients, and multiple thermal cycles of L-PBF. To address this, there is an urgent need to develop novel alloys specifically tailored for L-PBF technologies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the strategies employed in alloy design for L-PBF. It aims to guide future research on designing novel alloys dedicated to L-PBF instead of adapting the existing alloys for L-PBF. The review begins by discussing the features of L-PBF processes, focusing on rapid solidification and intrinsic heat treatment. Next, the printability of the four main existing alloys (Fe-, Ni-, Al-, and Ti-based alloys) is critically assessed, with a comparison to their conventional weldability. It was found that the weldability criteria are not always applicable in estimating printability. Furthermore, the review presents recent advances in alloy development and associated strategies, categorizing them into crack mitigation-oriented, microstructure manipulation-oriented, and machine learning-assisted approaches. Lastly, an outlook and suggestions are given to highlight the issues that need be addressed in future work.

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Microstructural engineering of a dual-phase Ti-Al-V-Fe alloy via in situ alloying during laser powder bed fusion

Cited by 18 publications

References 66 publications

Improved Corrosion and Long‐Term Immersion Behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Ti5Cu After Heat Treatment

Improved Corrosion and Long‐Term Immersion Behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Ti5Cu After Heat Treatment

Insights into Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of the Eutectoid Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni Alloy Modified with Fe and Cr

Alloy design for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a critical review

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