Microstructural Characterization of Layers Produced by Plasma Nitriding on Austenitic and Superaustenitic Stainless Steel Grades

Abstract

High chromium content is responsible for the formation of a protective passive surface layer on austenitic stainless steels (ASS). Due to their larger amounts of chromium, superaustenitic stainless steels (SASS) can be chosen for applications with higher corrosion resistance requirements. However, both of them present low hardness and wear resistance that has limited their use for mechanical parts fabrication. Plasma nitriding is a very effective surface treatment for producing harder and wear resistant surface layers on these steel grades, without harming their corrosion resistance if low processing temperatures are employed. In this work UNS S31600 and UNS S31254 SASS samples were plasma nitrided in temperatures from 400 C to 500 C for 5 h with 80 % H 2-20 % N 2 atmosphere at 600 Pa. Nitrided layers were analyzed by optical (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Vickers microhardness testing. Observations made by optical microscopy showed that N-rich layers were uniform but their thicknesses increased with higher nitriding temperatures. XRD analyses showed that lower temperature layers are mainly composed by expanded austenite, a metastable nitrogen supersaturated phase with excellent corrosion and tribological properties. Samples nitrided at 400 C produced a 5 lm thick expanded austenite layer. The nitrided layer reached 25 lm in specimens treated at 500 C. There are indications that other phases are formed during higher temperature nitriding but XRD analysis was not able to determine that phases are iron and/or chromium nitrides, which are responsible for increasing hardness from 850 up to 1100 HV. In fact, observations made by TEM have indicated that formation of fine nitrides, virtually not identified by XRD technique, can begin at lower temperatures and their growth is affected by both thermodynamical and kinetics reasons.

Comparison of Nitriding Behavior for Austenitic Stainless Steel 316Ti and Super Austenitic Stainless Steel 904L

“…While there is a huge amount of literature on the nitriding process, with more than a dozen reviews summarizing the results for austenitic stainless steel [1,[12][13][14][15], there is almost no information on the phase formation in super austenitic stainless steel. The nitriding of steel UNS S31254 between 400 and 500 • C resulted in expanded austenite with a lattice expansion of 5-10% [16]. At a treatment time of 5 h, the layer thickness after nitriding increased from 5 to 20 µm, with nitrocarburizing producing thicker layers [17].…”