“…Low-activation vanadium alloys are considered promising structural materials for a new generation of nuclear fusion reactors [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. A consequence of the high chemical activity of refractory components with interstitial impurities (C, N, O) is the formation of solid solutions and particles of second phases [ 16 ], which transform these alloys into the category of heterophase materials.…”