Microstructural analysis of the cementation process during soiling on glass surfaces in arid and semi‐arid climates

Ilse, Klemens; Werner, Martina; Naumann, Volker; Figgis, Benjamin; Hagendorf, Christian; Bagdahn, J.

doi:10.1002/pssr.201600152

Cited by 61 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Dust deposits on solar panels are known to have a severe detrimental effect on the efficiency of photovoltaic systems (Goossens and Van Kerschaever, 1999;Hamou et al, 2014;Mejia et al, 2014;Rao et al, 2014;Sulaiman et al, 2014;Ilse et al, 2016), with its adverse effects depending on mineral composition and atmospheric conditions (Supplement B).…”

Section: Importance Of Mineral Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical properties of deposited airborne particulates over the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Mineral dust is the most abundant aerosol, having a profound impact on the global energy budget. This research continues our previous studies performed on surface soils in the Arabian Peninsula, focusing on the mineralogical, physical and chemical composition of dust deposits from the atmosphere at the Arabian Red Sea coast. For this purpose, aerosols deposited from the atmosphere are collected during 2015 at six sites on the campus of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) situated on the Red Sea coastal plain of Saudi Arabia and subjected to the same chemical and mineralogical analysis we conducted on soil samples. Frisbee deposition samplers with foam inserts were used to collect dust and other deposits, for the period December 2014 to December 2015. The average deposition rate measured at KAUST for this period was 14 g m −2 per month, with lowest values in winter and increased deposition rates in August to October. The particle size distributions provide assessments of < 10 and < 2.5 µm dust deposition rates, and it is suggested that these represent proxies for PM 10 (coarse) and PM 2.5 (fine) particle size fractions in the dust deposits.X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of a subset of samples confirms variable amounts of quartz, feldspars, micas, and halite, with lesser amounts of gypsum, calcite, dolomite, hematite, and amphibole. Freeze-dried samples were resuspended onto the Teflon ® filters for elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while splits from each sample were analyzed for water-soluble cations and anions by ion chromatography. The dust deposits along the Red Sea coast are considered to be a mixture of dust emissions from local soils and soils imported from distal dust sources. Airborne mineral concentrations are greatest at or close to dust sources, compared to those through medium-and long-range transport. It is not possible to identify the exact origin of deposition samples from the mineralogical and chemical results alone. These aerosol data are the first of their kind from the Red Sea region. They will help assess their potential nutrient input into the Red Sea, as well the impact on human health, industry, and solar panel efficiency. These data will also support dust modeling in this important dust belt source area by better quantifying dust mass balance and optical properties of airborne dust particles.

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Section: Importance Of Mineral Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical properties of deposited airborne particulates over the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain

et al. 2017

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“…A further important implication of dust emission/deposition processes is associated with the harvesting of the solar renewable energy in the desert areas. Dust deposits on solar panels are known to have a severe detrimental effect on the efficiency of photovoltaic systems (Goossens and Van Kerschaever, 1999;Hamou et al, 2014;Mejia et al, 2014;Rao et al, 2014;Sulaiman et al, 2014;Ilse et al, 2016), with its adverse effects depending on mineral composition and atmospheric conditions (Supplement B).…”

Section: Importance Of Mineral Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From preliminary assessments it is estimated that five to six major dust storms per year impact the Red Sea region, depositing about 6 Mt of mineral dust into the Red Sea (Jish . Simulations and satellite observations suggest that the coastal dust contribution to the total deposition flux into the Red Sea could be substantial, even during fair weather conditions (Jiang et al, 2009;Anisimov et al, 2017). Therefore, the correct representation of the regional dust balance over the Red Sea coastal plain is especially important.…”

Section: Previous Dust Studies In the Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Authors response Referee #2 acp-2017-231 Engelbrecht et al

Engelbrecht¹

2017

Preprint

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Mineral dust is the most abundant aerosol, having a profound impact on the global energy budget. This research continues our previous studies performed on surface soils in the Arabian Peninsula, focusing on the mineralogical, physical and chemical composition of dust deposits from the atmosphere at the Arabian Red Sea coast. For this purpose, aerosols deposited from the atmosphere are collected during 2015 at six sites on the campus of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) situated on the Red Sea coastal plain of Saudi Arabia and subjected to the same chemical and mineralogical analysis we conducted on soil samples. Frisbee deposition samplers with foam inserts were used to collect dust and other deposits, for the period December 2014 to December 2015. The average deposition rate measured at KAUST for this period was 14 g m −2 per month, with lowest values in winter and increased deposition rates in August to October. The particle size distributions provide assessments of < 10 and < 2.5 µm dust deposition rates, and it is suggested that these represent proxies for PM 10 (coarse) and PM 2.5 (fine) particle size fractions in the dust deposits. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of a subset of samples confirms variable amounts of quartz, feldspars, micas, and halite, with lesser amounts of gypsum, calcite, dolomite, hematite, and amphibole. Freeze-dried samples were resuspended onto the Teflon ® filters for elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while splits from each sample were analyzed for water-soluble cations and anions by ion chromatography. The dust deposits along the Red Sea coast are considered to be a mixture of dust emissions from local soils and soils imported from distal dust sources. Airborne mineral concentrations are greatest at or close to dust sources, compared to those through medium-and long-range transport. It is not possible to identify the exact origin of deposition samples from the mineralogical and chemical results alone. These aerosol data are the first of their kind from the Red Sea region. They will help assess their potential nutrient input into the Red Sea, as well the impact on human health, industry, and solar panel efficiency. These data will also support dust modeling in this important dust belt source area by better quantifying dust mass balance and optical properties of airborne dust particles.

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“…In practice, sand particles up to 200 μm in diameter can be lifted into air at wind speeds >18 km/h, and particles >63 μm in diameter were found to be erosive at wind speeds >22 km/h. 16,17 Consequently, a vigorous contact cleaning method would be required to dispose them what in turn increases the probability of surface damage. 13 where even smaller particles (<63 μm) could cause erosion at wind speeds >54 km/h.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, cycles of dew and subsequent evaporation in areas of high relative humidity cause the soiled particles to firmly adhere to the glass surface (cementation). 16,17 Consequently, a vigorous contact cleaning method would be required to dispose them what in turn increases the probability of surface damage. 5 However, despite the wide range of related studies mentioned earlier, results are difficult to compare among each other because most of these studies are focused on different sand blasting parameters, experimental setups, and measured quantities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sand erosion of solar glass: Specific energy uptake, total transmittance, and module efficiency

et al. 2017

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Summary Surface roughness, RZ, normal transmittance, ΤN, total transmittance, ΤT, and photovoltaic (PV) module efficiency, ηS, were measured for commercial solar glass plates and PV test modules identically sandblasted with different loads of quartz sand (200–400 μm), impact inclination angles, and sand particle speed. Measured data are presented versus the specific energy uptake during sand blasting, E (J/m2). Cracks, adhering particles, and scratch‐like textures probably caused by plastic flow phenomena could be observed after sand blasting. Their characteristic size was much smaller than that of sand particles. After blasting and subsequent cleaning, the glass surface was still covered with adhering glass particles. These particles, cracks, and scratch‐like textures could not be removed by cleaning. For sand blasting with α = 30° inclination angle and E = 30 000 J/m2, normal transmittance, total transmittance, and relative module efficiency decreased by 29%, 2% and ∽2%, respectively. This finding indicates that diffusive transmission of light substantially contributes to PV module efficiency and that the module efficiency decrease caused by sand erosion can be better estimated from total than by normal transmittance measurements.

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Microstructural analysis of the cementation process during soiling on glass surfaces in arid and semi‐arid climates

Cited by 61 publications

References 15 publications

Physical and chemical properties of deposited airborne particulates over the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain

Physical and chemical properties of deposited airborne particulates over the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain

Authors response Referee #2 acp-2017-231 Engelbrecht et al

Sand erosion of solar glass: Specific energy uptake, total transmittance, and module efficiency

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