Microsporidiosis after liver transplantation: A French nationwide retrospective study

Dumortier, Jérôme; Radenne, Sylvie; Kamar, Nassim; Conti, Filoména; Abergel, Armand; Coilly, Audrey; Francoz, Claire; Houssel‐Debry, Pauline; Vanlemmens, Claire; Laverdure, Noémie; Duvoux, Christophe; Iriart, Xavier; Thellier, Marc; Angoulvant, Adéla; Argy, Nicolas; Autier, Brice; Bellanger, Anne‐Pauline; Botterel, Françoise; Garrouste, Cyril; Rabodonirina, Méja; Poirier, Philippe; Labbé, F.; Damiani, Céline; Govic, Yohann Le; Totet, Anne; Gentile, Ludovic de; Lemoine, Jean‐Philippe; Accoceberry, Isabelle; Delhaès, Laurence; Gabriel, Frédéric; Millet, Pascal; Gal, Solène Le; Nevez, Gilles; Bonhomme, Julie; Capitaine, Agathe; Demar, Magalie; Moniot, Maxime; Nourrisson, Céline; Angebault, Cécile; Foulet, F.; Basmaciyan, Louise; Dalle, Frédéric; Valot, Stéphane; Desbois‐Nogard, Nicole; Robert, Gladys; Deleplancque, Anne‐Sophie; Fréalle, Émilie; Leroy, Jordan; Ajzenberg, Daniel; Durieux, Marie‐Fleur; Chapey‐Picq, Emmanuelle; Dupont, Damien; Menotti, Jean; l'Ollivier, Coralie; Bastien, Patrick; Debourgogne, Anne; Machouart, Marie; Lavergne, Rose‐Anne; Morio, Florent; Delaunay, Pascal; Pomarès, Christelle; Simon, Loïc; Sasso, Milène; Houzé, Sandrine; Yera, Hélène; Dannaoui, Éric; Bougnoux, Marie‐Elisabeth; Kapel, Nathalie; Tantaoui, Ilhame; Thellier, Marc; Belkadi, G.; Moreno‐Sabater, Alicia; Hamane, Samia; Nicolas, Muriel; Chemla, Cathy; Villena, Isabelle; Costa, Damien; Favennec, Loïc; Flori, Pierre; Brunet, Julie; Berry, Antoine; Chesnay, Adélaïde; Désoubeaux, Guillaume; Artur, Fabienne; Verdurme, Laura; Foulquier, Jean‐Baptiste; Prigent, Gwenole; Chatelain, Rémi; Lesthelle, Sophie; Sitterle, Emilie; Perraud, Estelle

doi:10.1111/tid.13665

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…It was the first cultivated species, and its genome has been sequenced and annotated ( Katinka et al, 2001 ). It is one of the 17 microsporidian species infecting humans ( González-Machorro et al, 2019 ; Ruan et al, 2021 ), and the third most common species found in humans, with the ability to disseminate to several organs causing a wide spectrum of pathogenesis including encephalitis, nephritis, hepatitis or keratoconjunctivitis ( Ghosh and Weiss, 2012 ; Dumortier et al, 2021 ). All Mo hacking observations described in vitro used this species ( González-Machorro et al, 2019 ; Dalboni et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mouse ear skin model to study the dynamics of innate immune responses against the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi

et al. 2023

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites related to fungi that cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian species capable of infecting mammals, including human and rodents. In response to microsporidian infection, innate immune system serves as the first line of defense and allows a partial clearance of the parasite via the innate immune cells, namely macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells. According to the literature, microsporidia bypass this response in vitro by modulating the response of macrophages. In order to study host-parasites interactions in vivo, we developed a model using the mouse ear pinna in combination with an intravital imaging approach. Fluorescent E. cuniculi spores were inoculated into the skin tissue to follow for the first time in real time in an in vivo model the recruitment dynamics of EGFP + phagocytic cells in response to the parasite. The results show that parasites induce an important inflammatory recruitment of phagocytes, with alterations of their motility properties (speed, displacement length, straightness). This cellular response persists in the injection zone, with spores detected inside the phagocytes up to 72 h post-infection. Immunostainings performed on ear tissue cryosections evoke the presence of developing infectious foci from 5 days post-infection, in favor of parasite proliferation in this tissue. Overall, the newly set up mice ear pinna model will increase our understanding of the immunobiology of microsporidia and in particular, to know how they can bypass and hijack the host immune system of an immunocompetent or immunosuppressed host.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mouse ear skin model to study the dynamics of innate immune responses against the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi

et al. 2023

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“…The importance of microsporidia in humans came into focus with the emergence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In humans severe infection has been seen in patients with AIDS, patients following organ transplantation, and in patients taking immune suppressive drugs or immune modulatory antibodies ( Han and Weiss, 2017 ; Dumond et al, 2021 ; Dumortier et al, 2021 ). Most commonly infection results in a diarrheal syndrome; however, patients may also suffer from encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis, myositis, or disseminated infection ( Weber et al, 1994 ; Weiss and Keohane, 2010 ; Ziad et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Therapy and Therapeutic Targets for Microsporidiosis

et al. 2022

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming parasitic fungi which are grouped with the Cryptomycota. They are both opportunistic pathogens in humans and emerging veterinary pathogens. In humans, they cause chronic diarrhea in immune-compromised patients and infection is associated with increased mortality. Besides their role in pébrine in sericulture, which was described in 1865, the prevalence and severity of microsporidiosis in beekeeping and aquaculture has increased markedly in recent decades. Therapy for these pathogens in medicine, veterinary, and agriculture has become a recent focus of attention. Currently, there are only a few commercially available antimicrosporidial drugs. New therapeutic agents are needed for these infections and this is an active area of investigation. In this article we provide a comprehensive summary of the current as well as several promising new agents for the treatment of microsporidiosis including: albendazole, fumagillin, nikkomycin, orlistat, synthetic polyamines, and quinolones. Therapeutic targets which could be utilized for the design of new drugs are also discussed including: tubulin, type 2 methionine aminopeptidase, polyamines, chitin synthases, topoisomerase IV, triosephosphate isomerase, and lipase. We also summarize reports on the utility of complementary and alternative medicine strategies including herbal extracts, propolis, and probiotics. This review should help facilitate drug development for combating microsporidiosis.

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“…Intestinal microsporidiosis cases are associated with severe and chronic diarrhea in immunocompromized patients [13]. They were first reported as opportunistic infections in HIVinfected patients in the 1980s and 1990s, but nowadays they are mostly diagnosed in other immunocompromized populations, such as patients with solid organ transplantation [3,5,6,8,11,15]. Enterocytozoon bieneusi accounts for more than 90% of intestinal microsporidiosis cases; the remaining cases involve Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Bio-Evolution Microsporidia generic and typing real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis

et al. 2022

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Cases of intestinal microsporidiosis infection are underestimated and affect both immunocompromized and immunocompetent patients. Real-time PCR is superseding microscopic examination for its diagnosis in medical analysis laboratories. However, few manufacturers include microsporidia in their PCR panel for the diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis. Here, we evaluated the performances of the real-time PCR assays microsporidia generic and microsporidia typing (Bio-Evolution, France) on the Rotor-Gene Q real-time PCR cycler (Qiagen, France). We included 45 negative and 44 positive stool samples for Enterocytozoon bieneusi (n = 34, with various genotypes), Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 4), Encephalitozoon hellem (n = 4), and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 2). We also studied a four-year survey of an inter-laboratory quality control program including 9 centers that used this commercial assay. Sensitivity and specificity of the microsporidia generic assay were 86.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected by the microsporidia generic PCR assay but not by the microsporidia typing PCR assay. These results were consistent with the results of the inter-laboratory quality control program. In conclusion, Bio-Evolution Real-time PCR assays are useful tools for intestinal microsporidiosis, but negative results for microsporidia typing assays require supplementary analyses to confirm E. hellem or E. cuniculi infections.

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Microsporidiosis after liver transplantation: A French nationwide retrospective study

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

A mouse ear skin model to study the dynamics of innate immune responses against the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi

A mouse ear skin model to study the dynamics of innate immune responses against the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi

Current Therapy and Therapeutic Targets for Microsporidiosis

Evaluation of the Bio-Evolution Microsporidia generic and typing real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis

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