Microsporidia–host interactions

Szumowski, Suzannah C.; Troemel, Emily R.

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.03.006

Cited by 55 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Microsporidia are fungi-related obligate intracellular pathogens, with over 1400 described species [1,2]. Interest in these organisms started 150 years ago when researchers, especially Louis Pasteur, studied silkworm disease that was caused by a microsporidian species later named Nosema bombycis [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Large Collection of Novel Nematode-Infecting Microsporidia and Their Diverse Interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Related Nematodes

Zhang

Sachse²,

Prévost³

et al. 2016

PLoS Pathog

176

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Microsporidia are fungi-related intracellular pathogens that may infect virtually all animals, but are poorly understood. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has recently become a model host for studying microsporidia through the identification of its natural microsporidian pathogen Nematocida parisii. However, it was unclear how widespread and diverse microsporidia infections are in C. elegans or other related nematodes in the wild. Here we describe the isolation and culture of 47 nematodes with microsporidian infections. N. parisii is found to be the most common microsporidia infecting C. elegans in the wild. In addition, we further describe and name six new species in the Nematocida genus. Our sampling and phylogenetic analysis further identify two subclades that are genetically distinct from Nematocida, and we name them Enteropsectra and Pancytospora. Interestingly, unlike Nematocida, these two genera belong to the main clade of microsporidia that includes human pathogens. All of these microsporidia are horizontally transmitted and most specifically infect intestinal cells, except Pancytospora epiphaga that replicates mostly in the epidermis of its Caenorhabditis host. At the subcellular level in the infected host cell, spores of the novel genus Enteropsectra show a characteristic apical distribution and exit via budding off of the plasma membrane, instead of exiting via exocytosis as spores of Nematocida. Host specificity is broad for some microsporidia, narrow for others: indeed, some microsporidia can infect Oscheius tipulae but not its sister species Oscheius sp. 3, and conversely some microsporidia found infecting Oscheius sp. 3 do not infect O. tipulae. We also show that N. ausubeli fails to strongly induce in C. elegans the transcription of genes that are induced by other Nematocida species, suggesting it has evolved mechanisms to prevent induction of this host response. Altogether, these newly isolated species illustrate the diversity and ubiquity of microsporidian infections in nematodes, and provide a rich resource to investigate host-parasite coevolution in tractable nematode hosts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Large Collection of Novel Nematode-Infecting Microsporidia and Their Diverse Interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Related Nematodes

Zhang

Sachse²,

Prévost³

et al. 2016

PLoS Pathog

176

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“…Microsporidia have been seen to modify the host's immune response. For example, Nosema bombycis induces transcriptional changes in 34 out of 70 Bombyx mori immune genes, even inducing the down regulation of the serine protease cascade in the melanization pathway, and up‐regulating lysozyme and lectins (reviewed in Szumoski and Troemel, ). This effect is especially noteworthy given that several studies have addressed how infection by N. ceranae might affect immunity at the social (colony) and individual (bee) level.…”

Section: What Are the Major Effects Of N Ceranae On Honey Bees?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nosema ceranae in Apis mellifera: a 12 years postdetection perspective

Martín-Hernández

Bartolomé

Chejanovsky

et al. 2018

Environmental Microbiology

161

118

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Nosema ceranae is a hot topic in honey bee health as reflected by numerous papers published every year. This review presents an update of the knowledge generated in the last 12 years in the field of N. ceranae research, addressing the routes of transmission, population structure and genetic diversity. This includes description of how the infection modifies the honey bee's metabolism, the immune response and other vital functions. The effects on individual honey bees will have a direct impact on the colony by leading to losses in the adult's population. The absence of clear clinical signs could keep the infection unnoticed by the beekeeper for long periods. The influence of the environmental conditions, beekeeping practices, bee genetics and the interaction with pesticides and other pathogens will have a direct influence on the prognosis of the disease. This review is approached from the point of view of the Mediterranean countries where the professional beekeeping has a high representation and where this pathogen is reported as an important threat.

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“…Microsporidian infections by Nosema ceranae and N . apis in honeybees can lead to increased mortality and colony collapse [6], and infection by Enterocytozoon bieneusi in immunocompromized humans may cause severe diarrhea and death [7]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nested PCR Assay to Avoid False Positive Detection of the Microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in Environmental Samples in Shrimp Farms

et al. 2016

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Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an important disease of cultivated shrimp. Heavy infections may lead to retarded growth and unprofitable harvests. Existing PCR detection methods target the EHP small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene (SSU-PCR). However, we discovered that they can give false positive test results due to cross reactivity of the SSU-PCR primers with DNA from closely related microsporidia that infect other aquatic organisms. This is problematic for investigating and monitoring EHP infection pathways. To overcome this problem, a sensitive and specific nested PCR method was developed for detection of the spore wall protein (SWP) gene of EHP (SWP-PCR). The new SWP-PCR method did not produce false positive results from closely related microsporidia. The first PCR step of the SWP-PCR method was 100 times (104 plasmid copies per reaction vial) more sensitive than that of the existing SSU-PCR method (106 copies) but sensitivity was equal for both in the nested step (10 copies). Since the hepatopancreas of cultivated shrimp is not currently known to be infected with microsporidia other than EHP, the SSU-PCR methods are still valid for analyzing hepatopancreatic samples despite the lower sensitivity than the SWP-PCR method. However, due to its greater specificity and sensitivity, we recommend that the SWP-PCR method be used to screen for EHP in feces, feed and environmental samples for potential EHP carriers.

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Microsporidia–host interactions

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

A Large Collection of Novel Nematode-Infecting Microsporidia and Their Diverse Interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Related Nematodes

A Large Collection of Novel Nematode-Infecting Microsporidia and Their Diverse Interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Related Nematodes

Nosema ceranae in Apis mellifera: a 12 years postdetection perspective

A Nested PCR Assay to Avoid False Positive Detection of the Microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in Environmental Samples in Shrimp Farms

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