Microscopic techniques used for the identification of medicinal plants: A case study of Senna

Abstract

Background The use of quality control tool for adulteration of Senna (Cassia aungustifolia) a pharmaceutically very important. They were used for multiple health disorders such as constipation, indigestion, epilepsy, asthma, piles, migraine, and heart problems. Two different species of same family or same genus used commercially in Indo‐Pak using the same medicine name Senna. One named as Senna (C. aungustifolia) and its adulterant named as Sickle Senna (Cassia obtusifolia). Methodology These two plants were analyzed using classical microscopic techniques light microscopy and the modern chemotaxonomic traits scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence studies and phytochemical studies. Results The C. aungustifolia L. had found to be a perennial herb with trilobed pollen, diacytic, paracytic, and anisocytic stomata having smooth walled epidermal cells, whereas the C. obtusifolia stands out as a perennial shrub with spheroidal and circular pollen and paracytic type of stomata having irregular shaped epidermal cells. The powdered drug of C. aungustifolia is dark grayish green, whereas the powdered drug of C. obtusifolia is light green in color. Investigation and other techniques used in this project provided the basis for the authentication of this species.

Palyno‐anatomical microscopic characterization of selected species of Boraginaceae and Fabaceae

“…Micro photographs were taken by Infinity 1‐5C‐MEL, Canada, fitted with LM (LEICA DM 1000) and then edited by using Adobe PhotoScape CS5 Software. Terminology given epidermal cell features were according to description of Metcalfe and Greogry (1971), Chen, Sun, and Yang (2008), Pisuttimarn, Traiperm, and Pornpongrungrueng (2013), and Shaheen et al (2019) about leaf epidermal anatomy.…”

“…Micro photographs were taken by Infinity 1-5C-MEL, Canada, fitted with LM (LEICA DM 1000) and then edited by using Adobe PhotoScape CS5 Software. Terminology given epidermal cell features were according to description ofMetcalfe and Greogry (1971),Chen, Sun, and Yang (2008),Pisuttimarn, Traiperm, andPornpongrungrueng (2013), andShaheen et al (2019) about leaf epidermal anatomy.2.5 | Statistical analysis 2.5.1 | Cluster analysis Cluster analysis UPGMA created on Euclidean Distance using statistical software PAST version 3 was performed to show relationships among species (Ahmad et al, 2021; Ahmad et al, 2021). T A B L E 2 Morphometric characteristics of pollens (SE, standard error) (33.75-45.75) ±2.0 41.35(33.00-47.50) ±2.9 0.98 9.10(7.50-10.75) ±0.5 10.90(7.50-13.75) ±1.1 26.55(20.25-31.50) ±2.1 2.30(2.00-2.75) ±0.1 Medicago monantha 31.25(29.75-32.50) ±0.5 28.90(25.50-31.00) ±1.0 1.08 9.55(7.50-12.75) ±0.8 6.60(5.25-8.00) ±0.5 21.50(17.50-23.50) ±1.0 1.95(1.50-2.25) ±0.1 Senna italica 23.45(21.00-25.25) ±0.8 21.55(14.75-25.50) ±1.8 1.08 12.95(10.00-16.00) ±1.1 4.85(2.75-7.25) ±0.9 14.80(12.50-18.00) ±0.9 1.85(1.25-2.25) ±0.1 F I G U R E 2 Heliotropium bacciferum.…”

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Quality Control of Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz

“…In the next step, we performed different analytical methods, including microscopy, physicochemical, HPTLC, and FT-IR spectroscopy, to determine the quality limits and identification characteristics of wallflower [ 10 , 29 , 30 ]. The highest amount of total ash was determined in the aerial parts (21.52 ± 0.06%).…”

Assessment of the Granulation Process Effect on Morpho-Anatomical Features and Biologically Active Substances Composition of Senna Leaves

“…Identification of herbal drugs and raw material is usually performed using light microscopy, as the method is well-established, described in the literature, and adopted by pharmacopoeias [20,[25][26][27]. All sources describe similar characteristics for Senna leaves.…”

“…Novel identification methods for pharmacopoeial Senna species include high-performance thin-layer chromatography [14], as well as scanning electron microscopy method for authentication of C. angustifolia Vahl. [20]. However, current pharmacopoeial method for identification of both C. senna L. and C. angustifolia Vahl.…”