Microscale spherical TiO2 powder prepared by hydrolysis of TiCl4 solution: Synthesis and kinetics

Yan, Peiyi; Zhang, Ying; Zheng, Shili

doi:10.1016/j.partic.2023.03.004

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The morphology of Mt/TiO2, Fe-Mt/TiO2 and Mt/Fe-TiO2 samples are displayed in Figure 2a-d. As seen in Figure 2a, the morphology of pure TiO2 is nearly spherical-shaped, with a size ranging from 5 µm to 20 µm, which is similar morphology to the TiO2 spherical shape prepared by hydrolysis of TiCl4 solution with HCl [28]. Interestingly, the size of TiO2 particles was reduced when incorporated into the Mt layer of Mt/TiO2, Fe-Mt/TiO2 and Mt/Fe-TiO2 samples.…”

Section: Sample Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 60%

Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite/TiO2 Composite as a Promising Photocatalyst for Selective Conversion of Glucose to Formic Acid under Visible-Light Irradiation

Srikhaow,

Zhang,

Chuaicham

et al. 2023

Crystals

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The development of efficient and inexpensive photocatalysts for the production of high-value chemicals from the photoreforming of biomass is a highly attractive strategy to establish the production of chemicals from sustainable resources. In this work, Fe-loaded montmorillonite/TiO2 composite (Fe-Mt/TiO2), pure TiO2, Mt/TiO2 and Mt/Fe-TiO2 were fabricated and further utilized as photocatalysts for the production of formic acid from glucose under visible-light irradiation. Among the as-prepared composites, the Fe-Mt/TiO2 exhibited the highest glucose conversion (83%), formic acid production (44%) and formic acid selectivity (53%). The effective heterojunction between Fe-Mt and TiO2 is proposed to describe the superior photocatalytic activity of Fe-Mt/TiO2, which effectively suppressed the recombination of the photogenerated electrons and holes during the reaction. Mechanism investigations suggested that the selective photocatalytic oxidation of glucose into formic acid by Fe-Mt/TiO2 mainly occurred through an α-scission reaction pathway, driven by the main active species as •O2− and 1O2. The research findings in this work suggested that the Fe-Mt/TiO2 composite can be applied as a low-cost, easy-to-prepare, reusable and selective photocatalyst for sustainable synthesis of high-value chemicals from biomass-derived substrates.

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Section: Sample Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 60%

Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite/TiO2 Composite as a Promising Photocatalyst for Selective Conversion of Glucose to Formic Acid under Visible-Light Irradiation

Srikhaow,

Zhang,

Chuaicham

et al. 2023

Crystals

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“…The TiO 2 NPs obtained from 3 M TiCl 4 precursor solutions (∼400 nm) exhibit significantly larger size than these from 1 M and 2 M TiCl 4 precursors (∼300 nm). This is because of the high concentration of Ti in the pregnant solution leading to the reduction of the free water content that is needed in the hydrolysis reaction, which further results in a slow nucleation rate and a slow growth of TiO 2 NPs via agglomeration [39]. It is known that when the nucleation is inhibited and the crystallization at the solid-liquid interface is slowed, the size of the produced TiO 2 NPs increases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TiCl₄ precursor affecting the performance of HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cell

Yang,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Nanotechnology

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The presence of TiO2 used as an efficient electron transport layer is crucial to achieving high-performance solar cells, especially for a hole transport material (HTM)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cell. The hydrolysis of TiCl4 is one of the most widely used routes for forming TiO2 layer in solar cells. In this study, the role of TiCl4 precursor concentration in the growth process of TiO2 layer on FTO substrate for HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells is examined. Based on the analysis of the Ti(IV) intermediate states for different TiCl4 concentrations from Raman spectra, 2 M TiCl4 precursor exhibits moderate nucleation and growth kinetics without generating too many intermediates which occurs in 3 M TiCl4 precursor, yielding ~300 nm-size spherical TiO2 agglomerates with a rutile phase. In the aspect of devices, although different TiCl4 precursor concentrations show a similar film coverage and bandgap, the HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells fabricated using 2 M TiCl4 precursor delivers a conversion efficiency beyond 17%, higher than that based on 1M and 3M TiCl4 precursor, which may be attributed to the reduced defect in compact TiO2 layer.

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“…The hydrolysis conditions of the TiOSO 4 solution affected the structures, compositions, and properties of hydrated MA and TiO 2 . – The hydrolysis system of the industrial TiOSO 4 solution was very complex due to its high concentration of TiOSO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , ferrous ion, and other impurities, which could increase the density, viscosity, and total ion concentration of the solution and affect the hydrolysis process and the precipitation of MA. Most literature on the hydrolysis of Ti 4+ used pure titanium sources such as tetrabutyl titanate, TiCl 4 , or Ti(SO 4 ) 2 as hydrolysis raw materials. – Compared to the actual use of high-concentration industrial TiOSO 4 solution in traditional TiO 2 production, low-concentration industrial TiOSO 4 solution can save energy consumption caused by the concentration, playing a very important role in energy conservation and consumption reduction. Unlike previous literature reports, the hydrolysis kinetics of low-concentration TiOSO 4 solution was conducted under the conditions of high TiO 2 concentration, high acidity, and high impurity content, which would have different effects on the hydrolysis rate, nucleation process, crystal and particle growth, aggregation process, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most literature on the hydrolysis of Ti 4+ used pure titanium sources such as tetrabutyl titanate, TiCl 4 , or Ti(SO 4 ) 2 as hydrolysis raw materials. 17 – 19 Compared to the actual use of high-concentration industrial TiOSO 4 solution in traditional TiO 2 production, low-concentration industrial TiOSO 4 solution can save energy consumption caused by the concentration, playing a very important role in energy conservation and consumption reduction. Unlike previous literature reports, the hydrolysis kinetics of low-concentration TiOSO 4 solution was conducted under the conditions of high TiO 2 concentration, high acidity, and high impurity content, which would have different effects on the hydrolysis rate, nucleation process, crystal and particle growth, aggregation process, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrolysis Kinetics of Low-Concentration Industrial TiOSO₄ Solution and Structural Evolution of Metatitanic Acid

Tian,

Chen

2023

ACS Omega

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Using the industrial low-concentration TiOSO4 solution as the raw material, the hydrolysis kinetics and structural evolution of metatitanic acid was investigated. The samples were characterized by TiO2 content, XRD analysis, particle size distribution, FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman analysis, and HRTEM. The curves of hydrolysis yield showed S type shape, and the hydrolysis process consisted of the induction period, rapid hydrolysis period, and mature period. The rapid hydrolysis period was the first-order reaction, and increasing of hydrolysis temperature would shorten the induction period and hydrolysis period while prolonging the mature period had an approximate linear positive correlation on the hydrolysis yield and hydrolysis rate. The actual hydrolysis yield at the graying point was consistent with the calculated hydrolysis yield. The calculated pre-exponential factor k 0 was 1.40 × 1018 min–1 and activation energy E a was of 147.6 kJ/mol. With the hydrolysis temperature increasing, the grain size increased, the lattice stress decreased, the average particle size of metatitanic acid decreased, and the sulfur content decreased, resulting from the growth and adjustment of crystals and colloidal particles. Also, the SO4 2– ions promoted the formation of anatase TiO2 crystals. The formation of the precipitated particles underwent processes such as gel, crystal growth, aggregation, and condensation.

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Microscale spherical TiO2 powder prepared by hydrolysis of TiCl4 solution: Synthesis and kinetics

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite/TiO2 Composite as a Promising Photocatalyst for Selective Conversion of Glucose to Formic Acid under Visible-Light Irradiation

Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite/TiO2 Composite as a Promising Photocatalyst for Selective Conversion of Glucose to Formic Acid under Visible-Light Irradiation

TiCl₄ precursor affecting the performance of HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cell

Hydrolysis Kinetics of Low-Concentration Industrial TiOSO₄ Solution and Structural Evolution of Metatitanic Acid

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Microscale spherical TiO2 powder prepared by hydrolysis of TiCl4 solution: Synthesis and kinetics

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite/TiO2 Composite as a Promising Photocatalyst for Selective Conversion of Glucose to Formic Acid under Visible-Light Irradiation

Fe-Loaded Montmorillonite/TiO2 Composite as a Promising Photocatalyst for Selective Conversion of Glucose to Formic Acid under Visible-Light Irradiation

TiCl4 precursor affecting the performance of HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cell

Hydrolysis Kinetics of Low-Concentration Industrial TiOSO4 Solution and Structural Evolution of Metatitanic Acid

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TiCl₄ precursor affecting the performance of HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cell

Hydrolysis Kinetics of Low-Concentration Industrial TiOSO₄ Solution and Structural Evolution of Metatitanic Acid