Microscale Electromagnetic Heating in Heterogeneous Energetic Materials Based on X-ray Computed Tomography

Kort-Kamp, Wilton J. M.; Cordes, Nikolaus L.; Ioniţă, Axinte; Glover, Brian; Duque, Amanda L.; Perry, W. Lee; Dalvit, Diego A. R.; Moore, David S.

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.5.044008

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…These approaches have advantages in terms of experimental and computational efficiency, but they also have limitations in their ability to quantify and accurately assess damage and other microstructural features across representative amounts of material. Probably the most commonly used 3D characterization technology at this scale is X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT), and several recent works have explored the feasibility of using µCT to comprehensively characterize explosives or explosive-like surrogates [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. While µCT can be an expensive technique (i.e., in cost, data, and time), it is often worth the effort because it can quantitatively measure voids, particles, cracks, and other features, and it can also be used to track the changes of these features due to external insult [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These difficulties are exacerbated in cases where the material is close to theoretical maximum density, or when the composite explosive is very highly loaded (>90% HE). In short, measurement of “real” explosives with µCT has been generally limited to detecting voids or cracks [ 25 , 29 , 30 ], and fully segmentable microstructures have only been obtained by using engineered or optimized samples [ 23 , 24 , 31 ]. An analysis of voids and cracks is still useful for safety and initiation modeling [ 8 , 32 , 33 ], but full spatial information would greatly enhance these efforts while also enabling real microstructures (i.e., accurately described crystal and binder distribution) to be used for mesoscale simulations (e.g., [ 34 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microcomputed X-Ray Tomographic Imaging and Image Processing for Microstructural Characterization of Explosives

et al. 2020

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Microstructural characterization of composite high explosives (HEs) has become increasingly important over the last several decades in association with the development of high fidelity mesoscale modeling and an improved understanding of ignition and detonation processes. HE microstructure influences not only typical material properties (e.g., thermal, mechanical) but also reactive behavior (e.g., shock sensitivity, detonation wave shape). A detailed nondestructive 3D examination of the microstructure has generally been limited to custom-engineered samples or surrogates due to poor contrast between the composite constituents. Highly loaded (>90 wt%) HE composites such as plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) are especially difficult. Here, we present efforts to improve measurement quality by using single and dual-energy microcomputed X-ray tomography and state-of-the-art image processing techniques to study a broad set of HE materials. Some materials, such as PBX 9502, exhibit suitable contrast and resolution for an automatic segmentation of the HE from the polymer binder and the voids. Other composite HEs had varying levels of success in segmentation. Post-processing techniques that used commercially available algorithms to improve the segmentation quality of PBX 9501 as well as zero-density defects such as cracks and voids could be easily segmented for all samples. Aspects of the materials that lend themselves well to this type of measurement are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcomputed X-Ray Tomographic Imaging and Image Processing for Microstructural Characterization of Explosives

et al. 2020

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“…The first is serial sectioning, a destructive characterization tool that involves cropping, polishing, mounting, and optical microscopy [4][5][6][7]. The second is non-destructive X-ray computerized tomography (CT) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Both methods can be costly, time intensive, and limited in resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Design of Three-Dimensional Multi-Constituent Material Microstructure Sets with Prescribed Statistical Constituent and Geometric Attributes

Wei

Olsen

Miller

et al. 2020

Multiscale Sci. Eng.

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The generation of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with multiple constituents is an important part of multiscale computational simulation and design for a wide range of materials including heterogeneous polycrystalline metals, ceramics, composites, and energetics. Realistic 3D microstructures for multiphase materials are difficult to obtain experimentally or computationally. Challenges include generation and representation of complex constituent morphologies, topological arrangement and distribution, defect description, and statistical conformity. Here, we present a novel technique for systematically composing complex 3D statistically equivalent microstructure sample sets (SEMSS) with prescribed statistical constituents and morphological attributes. Based on large libraries of varying representations of individual constituents, the technique can be used with experimental micro computerized tomography (CT) scans to establish SEMSS that track the attributes of existing materials as well as to design SEMSS for new materials not yet in existence for computational exploration. Heterogeneous systems involving different combinations of molecular crystallites, metallic particles, oxidizer granules, and a polymeric matrix are designed and generated to track the properties of an existing material. The corresponding SEMSS are used in multiphysics simulations accounting for coupled thermal-mechanical processes or thermal-mechanical-chemically reactive processes. The results are used to quantify microstructure-induced response variations and point out the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) microstructures that are direct sections of the full 3D microstructures. The use of the SEMSS has also enabled uncertainty quantification (UQ) and the development of probabilistic characterizations for variations in macroscopic responses due to intrinsic material microstructural heterogeneities.

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“…fire). While spark initiation is technically electromagnetic (EM) in nature, the general effect of EM energy on initiation has only been sparsely investigated [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The motivation for understanding this effect comes from our increasing dependence on radar and wireless communication sources in environments where explosives and weapons are present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic enhanced ignition

Duque

Perry

2017

Combustion and Flame

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Here, we investigate how EM radiation affects the thermal decomposition pathway in HMX. The experiment used an external heat source (CO 2 laser) to rapidly heat the surface of HMX and observe the response upon application of EM energy that, on its own, is not enough power to induce heating or ignition. We hypothesize that charged intermediate decomposition species and free radicals in the gas phase interact strongly with EM energy, leading to plasma formation. These gas phase species form as a result of HMX sublimation and decomposition, and will act as "virtual antennas" and strongly couple to EM energy. The rapid absorption of EM energy during this coupling event is observed in the measured reflected power data. Ignition and plasma formation were monitored using both visible and IR photodiode probes, as well as imaged using a high-speed video camera. These observations support the hypothesis that the presence of an EM field will perturb the thermal decomposition pathway of HMX, and cause ignition to occur at a lower temperature than what is predicted under typical thermal conditions. This intense interaction results in electrically excited molecules that propagate the energy and surpass the activation barrier for ignition before the predicted ignition temperature of the bulk sample has been reached. Understanding the decomposition of energetic materials under the influence of EM energy is important to understand and predict material response under a variety of environmental conditions.

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Microscale Electromagnetic Heating in Heterogeneous Energetic Materials Based on X-ray Computed Tomography

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Microcomputed X-Ray Tomographic Imaging and Image Processing for Microstructural Characterization of Explosives

Microcomputed X-Ray Tomographic Imaging and Image Processing for Microstructural Characterization of Explosives

Computational Design of Three-Dimensional Multi-Constituent Material Microstructure Sets with Prescribed Statistical Constituent and Geometric Attributes

Electromagnetic enhanced ignition

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