“…Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) known as microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as extremely informative diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in inflammatory and infectious disease including incapacitating viral infections of the brain and AD. For example, increases in the proinflammatory NF-kB (p50/p65)-inducible miRNA-146a and miRNA-155, significantly up-regulated in AD-and prionaffected brain and CNS and implicated in pathological disruption of the innate-immune system, altered microglial-regulated wasteproduct clearance and complement factor H (CFH)-mediated complement activation, most often accompanies the viral-, bacterial-and other microbial-mediated infections of all brain cells and tissues examined to date (Slota and Booth, 2019;Li et al, 2021;Pogue and Lukiw, 2021;Azhar et al, 2022;Choe et al, 2022;Kucher et al, 2022;Maranini et al, 2022;Pogue et al, 2022). Importantly, the abundance, speciation and complexity of miRNA populations varies considerably in the individual human host and because miRNAs can target and inactivate ssRNA viruses such as H1N1/H3N2, Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 may help to explain individual heterogeneity in the susceptibility to systemic attack and infection by human ssRNA viruses (Azhar et al, 2022;Hill and Lukiw, 2022;Kucher et al, 2022).…”