MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of protein kinases in prostate and bladder cancers

Abstract

Background Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are frequent urothelial and genital malignancies with a high ratio of morbidity and mortality which are more common among males. Since BCa and PCa cases are mainly diagnosed in advanced stages with clinical complications, it is required to introduce the efficient early detection markers. Protein kinases are critical factors involved in various cellular processes such as cell growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. Deregulation of protein kinases can be frequently observed through the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Therefore, kinases are required to be regulated via different genetic and epigenetic processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are among the critical factors involved in epigenetic regulation of protein kinases. Since miRNAs are noninvasive and more stable factors in serum and tissues compared with mRNAs, they can be used as efficient diagnostic markers for the early detection of PCa and BCa. Main body In present review, we have summarized all of the reported miRNAs that have been associated with regulation of protein kinases in bladder and prostate cancers. Conclusions For the first time, this review highlights the miRNAs as critical factors in regulation of protein kinases during prostate and bladder cancers which paves the way of introducing a noninvasive kinase-specific panel of miRNAs for the early detection of these malignancies. It was observed that the class VIII receptors of tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases were the most frequent targets for the miRNAs in bladder and prostate cancers, respectively.

Targeting Protein Kinases and Epigenetic Control as Combinatorial Therapy Options for Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment

“…The MET proto-oncogene is a Tyr kinase family receptor that plays an important role in the invasion and migration of tumor cells. The upregulation of MET has been reported in metastatic tumors [ 217 , 218 ].…”