MicroRNA Modulation during Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Promising Strategy for Novel Diagnostic and Personalized Therapeutic Interventions

Abstract

The Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) is allowed through a mediated cell/tissue mechanism performed by applying a force or a pair of forces on the dental elements, and the tooth movement is a fundamental requirement during any orthodontic treatment. In this regard, it has been widely shown that each orthodontic treatment has a minimum duration required concerning numerous factors (age, patient compliance, type of technique used, etc.). In this regard, the aim of the following revision of the literature is to give readers a global vision of principal microRNAs (miRNAs) that are most frequently associated with OTM and their possible roles. Previously published studies of the last 15 years have been considered in the PubMed search using “OTM” and “miRNA” keywords for the present review article. In vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials were mainly explored. Correlation between OTM and modulation of several miRNAs acting through post-transcriptional regulation on target genes was observed in the majority of previous studied. The expression analysis of miRNAs in biological samples, such as gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), can be considered a useful tool for novel diagnostic and/or prognostic approaches and for new personalized orthodontic treatments able to achieve a better clinical response rate. Although only a few studies have been published, the data obtained until now encourage further investigation of the role of miRNA modulation during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study is to update the insights into the role and impact of principal micro-RNAs (miRNAs) that are most frequently associated during OTM.

Dentoalveolar anomalies and modern views on the mechanisms of local stress-modeling effect of orthodontic appliances on the periodontal tissues (a literature review)

“…Stretching deformations in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone have the ability to stimulate the activation of osteogenic gene expression with the differentiation of osteogenic progenitor cells into mature osteoblasts that deposit osteoid, which subsequently undergoes mineralization. It has been established that bone formation caused by tensile stress is not associated with osteoblast proliferation, but with an increase in the rate of differentiation and maturation of osteoblast progenitor cells [27,31].…”

Effects of tension on mitochondrial autophagy and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells

“…Orthodontic tooth movement is the spatial displacement of teeth caused by the remodelling of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through the transfer of tensile force and static pressure to the alveolar bone from the periodontal ligament when a mechanical stimulus force is applied to the teeth. 1,2 Research has shown that the tension and static pressure generated during the orthodontic process increase bone formation on the tension side and bone absorption on the pressure side. 3,4 Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor cells with multipotent differentiation and self-renewal ability in the periodontal ligament.…”