MicroRNA expression profile in exosome discriminates extremely severe infections from mild infections for hand, foot and mouth disease

Abstract

BackgroundChanges of miRNAs in exosome have been reported in different disease diagnosis and provided as potential biomarkers. In this study, we compared microRNA profile in exosomes in 5 MHFMD and 5 ESHFMD as well as in 5 healthy children.MethodsDifferent expression of miRNAs in exosomes across all the three groups were screened using miRNA microarray method. Further validated test was conducted through quantitative real-time PCR assays with 54 exosome samples (18 ESHFMD, 18 MHFMD, and 18 healthy control). The judgment accuracy was then estimated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis; and the specificity and sensitivity were evaluated by the multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsThere were 11 different miRNAs in exosomes of MHFMD and ESHFMD compared to healthy children, of which 4 were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated. Further validation indicated that the 4 significant differentially expressed candidate miRNAs (miR-671-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-150-3p, and miR-4281) in exosome showed the same changes as in the microarray analysis, and the expression level of three miRNAs (miR-671-5p, miR-16-5p, and miR-150-3p) were significantly different between MHFMD or ESHFMD and the healthy controls. The accuracy of the test results were high with the under curve (AUC) value range from 0.79 to 1.00. They also provided a specificity of 72%-100% and a sensitivity of 78%-100%, which possessed ability to discriminate ESHFMD from MHFMD with the AUC value of 0.76-0.82.ConclusionsThis study indicated that the exosomal miRNA from patients with different condition of HFMD express unique miRNA profiles. Exosomal miRNA expression profiles may provide supplemental biomarkers for diagnosing and subtyping HFMD infections.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-506) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Use of miRNAs as Biomarkers in Sepsis

“…This can be possible by detecting changes in the expression of miRNAs made by microorganisms. The specificity and selectivity of the method can be increased by detecting the changes in the expression of miRNAs in various bacterial infections [ 75 ].…”

Hypothesis: Exosomal microRNAs as potential biomarkers for schizophrenia

“…Other studies have reviewed the role of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for disease detection in cardiovascular disorders and infectious diseases. These studies highlight the potential of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers [58][59][60].…”

Structured oligonucleotides for target indexing to allow single-vessel PCR amplification and solid support microarray hybridization

“…Although further work should improve the fluorescence ratio of positive assays over negative control targets by offering a more robust optical detection platform and enabling temperature control of the microarray surface until fluorescence acquisition, it is worth comparing these ratios to traditionally accepted ratios to differentiate between overexpression and underexpression of genes for in expression analysis microarray. A ratio of 1.5 or more typically 2 is considered sufficient to differentiate with certainty the level of expression of a gene in a reliable fashion 41, 42 . Ratios currently observed with our structured oligonucleotide technique are within ranges of accepted microarray differentiation ratios.…”