Nanoplastics (NPs) are increasingly recognized as a newly
emerging
pollutant in the environment. NPs can enable the colonization of microbial
pathogens on their surfaces and adsorb toxic pollutants, such as heavy
metals and residual antibiotics. Although the dissemination of plastic
particles in water bodies and the atmosphere is widely studied, the
dissemination of NPs and adsorbed pollutants on land, via biological
means, is poorly understood. Since soil animals, such as the bacterivorous
nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), are highly mobile, this raises the possibility
that they play an active role in disseminating NPs and adsorbed pollutants.
Here, we established that antibiotic-resistant bacteria could aggregate
with antibiotic-adsorbed NPs to form antibiotic-adsorbed NP-antibiotic
resistant bacteria (ANP-ARB) aggregates, using polymyxins (colistin)
as a proof-of-concept. Colistin-resistant mcr-1 bearing Escherichia coli from a mixed population of resistant
and sensitive bacteria selectively aggregate with colistin-ANPs. In
the soil microcosm, C. elegans fed
on ANP-ARB clusters, resulting in the rapid spread of ANP-ARB by the
nematodes across the soil at a rate of 40–60 cm per day. Our
work revealed insights into how NPs could still disseminate across
the soil faster than previously thought by “hitching a ride”
in soil animals and acting as agents of antibiotic-resistant pathogens
and antibiotic contaminants. This poses direct risks to ecology, agricultural
sustainability, and human health.