Micropillars in Biomechanics: Role in Guiding Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Efficient bone repair relies on biomaterials that exhibit superior biocompatibility and enhanced osteogenic capabilities. In recent, micropatterning technology has emerged as a robust strategy for directing stem cell differentiation, offering a notable shift from traditional chemical induction or genetic modification methods by providing environmental cues to regulate cellular behavior. Among the various types of microstructures, micropillars have garnered significant attention due to their adjustable properties and high‐throughput experimental capabilities. These structures play a pivotal role in governing nuclear deformation and deciphering cellular responses to biomechanical cues. In this comprehensive review, the influence of micropillars on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), drawing upon two decades of research findings is critically assessed. The study comprehensively evaluates how micropillar substrates impact crucial cellular processes such as deformation, migration, adhesion, and ultimately, MSC fate determination toward an osteogenic lineage. By synthesizing and analyzing past studies, the potential regulatory mechanisms through which micropillars modulate MSC behavior are aimed to be elucidated. Furthermore, the utility of micropillars as a cutting‐edge biomechanical detection tool and platform for investigating cellular behaviors is explored. By projecting future applications, the review highlights the growing significance of micropillars in the dynamic field of biomechanics, underscoring their transformative potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Tailored Physicochemical Cues Direct Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation through Epigenetic Regulation Using Colloidal Self-Assembled Patterns

“…These features distinguish the BCC substrate from the effects observed on other structured surfaces, such as those characterized solely by topographic features like pillars and grooves. 45,46 Notably, the observed variations in cell surface receptor expression are likely connected to the available binding motifs on the BCC substrate and the different stem cell differentiation states. 47 These observations and the influence of FA maturation state on signaling pathways such as the PI3K and cAMP pathways are consistent with findings from our previous work.…”

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Cancer Cells on Micropillar Arrays

“…The importance of three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix for epithelial cells is recognized, where the combination of topography and chemical microenvironment promotes normal epithelial polarity and differentiation . The physical and chemical properties of material surfaces can regulate adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. − Micropillar arrays provide a quasi-3D interface for cell-material interactions and have been demonstrated to be an appropriate platform to induce cell nuclear deformation. − …”