Microparticles: markers and mediators of sepsis-induced microvascular dysfunction, immunosuppression, and AKI

Abstract

Sepsis is a severe and complex syndrome that lacks effective prevention or therapeutics. The effects of sepsis on the microvasculature have become an attractive area for possible new targets and therapeutics. Microparticles (MPs) are cell membrane-derived particles that can promote coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis; and can participate in cell-to-cell communication. MPs retain cell membrane and cytoplasmic constituents of their parental cells, including two pro-coagulants: phosphatidylserine and tissue factor. We highlight the role of microparticles released by endothelial and circulating cells after sepsis-induced microvascular injury, and discuss possible mechanisms by which microparticles can contribute to endothelial dysfunction, immunosuppression, and multi-organ dysfunction--including sepsis-AKI. Once viewed as cellular byproducts, microparticles are emerging as a new class of markers and mediators in the pathogenesis of sepsis.

Regulation of Posttranslational Modifications of HMGB1 During Immune Responses

“…Growing evidence indicates that the microparticles exert proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. These studies also suggest that microparticles released during systemic inflammation are markers and mediators of microvascular dysfunction, immunosuppression, and renal dysfunction and that HMGB1 might contribute to the proinflammatory activity of the microparticles (66,67,73).…”

The number of red blood cell-derived microparticles in predicting periprocedural adverse effects in acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction patients

“…MPs as derivate of cellular membrane are discussed powerful paracrine regulators of target cell functions [30][31][32]. Indeed, MPs possess a wide spectrum of biological effects on intercellular communication by transferring different molecules (autoantigens, cytokines, mRNA, iRNA, hormones, tissue coagulation factors, and surface receptors) able to modulate other cells affected growth of tissue, reparation, vasculogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, infection, The number of red blood cell-derived microparticles in predicting periprocedural adverse effects in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients Copyright: © 2017 Berezin and malignancy [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Moreover, RBC-MPs act as NO promoter exerted an erythrocrine function by synthesizing, transporting and releasing NO metabolic products contributing in regulation of vascular tone.…”

Could Biomarkers Direct Therapy for the Septic Patient?

“…Understanding the role of microparticles in the progression of sepsis and organ injury is also a very active area of research. Souza et al (2015) have published an excellent recent review. As a potential biomarker, microparticles may help stratify patients and inform on the potential outcomes of therapy targeting the endothelium.…”