Microorganisms: crucial players of smokeless tobacco for several health attributes

Vishwakarma, Akanksha; Verma, Digvijay

doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11460-2

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Reports on the effects of smokeless tobacco on Actinomyces growth has been contradictory. Smokeless tobacco use has been found to both reduce 66 , 67 and enrich Actinomyces growth 68 . Actinomyces has also been found in abundance in moist Indian smokeless tobacco products 69 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered oral microbiome in Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users carries a newly emerging risk of squamous cell carcinoma development and progression

Sami

Elimairi

Ryan

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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There are an estimated 6–10 million smokeless tobacco (Toombak) users in Sudan, the majority being males. Toombak is known to be a carcinogenic product that is likely to modify the oral microbiome spatiality into a high-risk potential for the development and progression of oral cancer, but previous studies are lacking in this field. Here, we endeavour for the first time the exploration of the oral microbiome in key mucosal areas of the oral cavity and assess the microbiome variations in premalignant and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples from both users and non-users of Toombak. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on DNA obtained from pooled saliva, oral mucosa and supragingival plaque from 78 Sudanese users and non-users of Toombak, aged between 20 and 70 years. In 32 of the pooled saliva samples, the mycobiome (fungal) environment was analysed through ITS sequencing. Then, 46 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of premalignant and OSCC samples were collected, and their associated microbiomes sequenced. The oral Sudanese microbiome was found to be enriched in Streptococcaceae, but Staphylococcaceae were significantly more abundant amongst Toombak users. Genera enriched in the oral cavity of Toombak users included Corynebacterium_1 and Cardiobacterium while in non-users, Prevotella, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were prominent. Aspergillus was the most abundant fungus in the mouths of Toombak users with a marked loss of Candida. The genus Corynebacterium_1 was abundant in the buccal, floor of the mouth and saliva microbiomes as well as in oral cancer samples from Toombak users indicating a possible role for this genus in the early stages of oral cancer development. An oral cancer microbiome that favours poor survival and metastasis in those who use Toombak also emerged that includes the genera Stenotrophomonas and Schlegelella. Those utilising Toombak carry an altered oral microbiome that may be an additional risk factor for this products carcinogenicity to the oral structures. These significant microbiome modulations are a newly emerging key driving factor in oral cancer development and progression in Toombak users while it is also shown that Toombak users carry an oral cancer microbiome that may increase the potential for a poorer prognosis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered oral microbiome in Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users carries a newly emerging risk of squamous cell carcinoma development and progression

Sami

Elimairi

Ryan

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…However, toxicological concerns are already present in unsmoked tobacco [20]. TSNAs are present in forms of Nnitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), Nnitrosoanabasine (NAB), and 4-(methyl nitrosamino)-1-(3pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) [21]. Mallock et al detected the existence of TSNAs in 26 of 44 nicotine pouch products.…”

Section: Minor Constituents In Onpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Oral Nicotine Products and Periodontal Diseases

Rahman

2023

International Journal of Dentistry

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Oral nicotine pouches are emerging as a new “modern oral” nicotine product. These prefilled pouches contain nicotine, flavorings, and filling agents that dissolve in the mouth. Nicotine can be derived from tobacco leaf or chemical synthesis. Traces of TSNAs and toxic chromium were detected in the pouch products. This raises the concern about general and periodontal health. This review aims to update the current oral nicotine products research relating to periodontal disease and its relevance in periodontal inflammation. Nicotine interacts with host cells and affects inflammatory responses to microbial challenges. It may directly or indirectly deteriorate periodontal tissues by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, repressing PDL fibroblasts cells, increasing cellular ROS and cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, breaking microbiota balance, and dysregulating miRNAs expression. Studies show that appealing flavorings contained in nicotine pouches pose harm to periodontal innate immune responses and increase penetration of nitrosamines. In addition, flavored ONPs increase the risk of dual or poly-tobacco products among young adults, stacking up detrimental effects on the periodontium. Given the recent growth of users, further studies are needed to elucidate the impact of ONPs, even poly-tobacco use, on systemic and periodontal health. Moreover, policymakers should ensure to avoid generating a new wave of nicotine addiction among youths in the U.S.

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“…Smokeless tobacco (ST) products are noncombustible tobacco products, categorized as group-1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1 , 2 The South Asian region, where more than 85% of the 300 million ST users live, reportedly shares the highest burden of disability-adjusted life years and the greatest risk of oral cancers from ST. 3–5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless Tobacco Cessation Support in Dental Hospitals in Pakistan: Dentists and Dental Patients’ Perspectives on Current Practices, Support Needed, and Opportunities Available

Rasool

Dobbie

Boeckmann

et al. 2023

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

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Introduction Despite evidence on the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions in dental settings, the implementation remains low, especially for smokeless tobacco (ST). The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the influences governing the implementation of ST cessation support in dental hospitals. Methods A multi-centre qualitative study was conducted at two tertiary-care dental hospitals, in Pakistan. Semi-structured interview guide, guided by the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model, were used to capture the views of dentists (n=12) and dental patients (n=12), regarding ST cessation support in dental hospitals. Framework approach was used to thematically analyse the data. Results Screening of ST users in routine dental practice was seldom practiced and the cessation support offered was brief advice. Barriers identified by dentists included: fear of offending and stereotyping patients; lack of knowledge and skills; lack of privacy; lack of belief in the effectiveness of behavioural support; lack of time and workload pressure; ST use amongst dentists; lack of referral systems and; the absence of a mandatory requirement of offering ST cessation support. Facilitators included: delivering support through junior dentists and the length of interaction between the dentist and the patient. Naswar was the most common ST product used by dental patients. Patients reported receiving negligible cessation support from any healthcare provider. Conclusions A range of influences governing the implementation of ST cessation support in dental hospitals were identified. These findings can inform the implementation of behavioural interventions for ST cessation in dental and other clinical settings, in low and middle-income countries. IMPLICATIONS Smokeless Tobacco (ST) control considerably lags, in comparison to the control of combustible tobacco. This is the first study that qualitatively explores the implementation of ST cessation support in dental settings in Pakistan. Utilizing the ‘Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour’ model, it provides an in-depth understanding of the inability of dentists in implementing effective behavioural interventions for ST cessation support in routine dental practice. Highlighting the striking discrepancy between the patients’ need for and receptivity towards cessation support and the dentists’ concerns over their patients’ receptivity towards cessation support, it calls for the need for effective implementation strategies to optimize dentist-led tobacco cessation interventions in low-resource settings.

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Microorganisms: crucial players of smokeless tobacco for several health attributes

Cited by 17 publications

References 70 publications

Altered oral microbiome in Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users carries a newly emerging risk of squamous cell carcinoma development and progression

Altered oral microbiome in Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users carries a newly emerging risk of squamous cell carcinoma development and progression

Emerging Oral Nicotine Products and Periodontal Diseases

Smokeless Tobacco Cessation Support in Dental Hospitals in Pakistan: Dentists and Dental Patients’ Perspectives on Current Practices, Support Needed, and Opportunities Available

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