Micronutrient Deficiency in Women Living in Industrialized Countries During the Reproductive Years: Is there a Basis for Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients?

Schaefer, Ella

doi:10.4172/2161-0509.1000199

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…There may also be long-term benefits in children [4] (e.g., cognitive development [66,67]). Although many of these results have been reported from low-to middle-income countries, micronutrient levels in pregnant women are often insufficient even in industrialized countries, where dietary resources are more readily available [12]. However, the routine use of multivitamins during pregnancy has not yet been recommended in high-income countries, despite the benefits on clinical outcomes [68].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Healthy, pregnant Caucasian women aged 18-42 years were screened during their first trimester prenatal visit (gestational age (GA), week [11][12][13][14] at Hospital Sacco and Hospital Buzzi in Milan, Italy. The study was proposed to all pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy within the gestational age indicated.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many women are at risk of insufficient nutrient intake in industrialized as well as developing countries [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Therefore, micronutrient supplementation is frequently recommended during pregnancy to help improve pregnancy outcomes in the mother and child [ 11 , 12 ]. International guidelines (i.e., from the World Health Organization) currently recommend supplementation of iron and folic acid (0.4 mg/day) during the whole pregnancy for the purpose of improving pregnancy outcomes and for reducing maternal anemia in pregnancy [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple Micronutrients and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Study

et al. 2020

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Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy needs to meet increased nutritional demands to maintain metabolism and to support fetal development. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for fetal neuro-/visual development and in immunomodulation, accumulating rapidly within the developing brain and central nervous system. Levels available to the fetus are governed by the maternal diet. In this multicenter, parallel, randomized controlled trial, we evaluated once-daily supplementation with multiple micronutrients and DHA (i.e., multiple micronutrient supplementation, MMS) on maternal biomarkers and infant anthropometric parameters during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy compared with no supplementation. Primary efficacy endpoint: change in maternal red blood cell (RBC) DHA (wt% total fatty acids) during the study. Secondary variables: other biomarkers of fatty acid and oxidative status, vitamin D, and infant anthropometric parameters at delivery. Supplementation significantly increased RBC DHA levels, the omega-3 index, and vitamin D levels. Subscapular skinfold thickness was significantly greater with MMS in infants. Safety outcomes were comparable between groups. This first randomized controlled trial of supplementation with multiple micronutrients and DHA in pregnant women indicated that MMS significantly improved maternal DHA and vitamin D status in an industrialized setting—an important finding considering the essential roles of DHA and vitamin D.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple Micronutrients and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Study

et al. 2020

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“…Nutrient inadequacies can have adverse effects in the body, such as impaired immunity, and should be addressed [ 46 , 47 ]. It is common for women of child-bearing age to have insufficient levels of vitamin D [ 48 ]. The problem is exacerbated in lactating women, as additional vitamin D is required in breastmilk for the child.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2020

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Breastfed infants require an adequate supply of critical nutrients for growth, tissue functions, and health. Recommended intakes for several nutrients are considerably higher in lactating than non-lactating women but are not always met with habitual diets. We report a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 70 healthy lactating women in Germany evaluating the effects of supplementation with multiple micronutrients, lutein, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to placebo on maternal nutrient status and milk composition. The primary endpoint was the effect on the change of human milk DHA content (as a proportion of total milk fatty acids) during 12 weeks of supplementation. Maternal blood and milk biomarkers were measured as secondary endpoints. Supplementation increased maternal milk DHA by 30% compared to a decline in the placebo group. Supplementation also increased maternal blood DHA (17%), eicosapentaenoic acid (4%), 25-OH-vitamin D (24%), vitamin B12 (12%), lutein (4%), and beta carotene (49%), while homocysteine decreased. No significant difference in the number of adverse events was observed between supplementation and placebo groups. In conclusion, multi-micronutrient supplementation was safe and increased maternal blood and milk concentrations of selected nutrients in healthy women.

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“…In developing countries, for example, it may be difficult to find an adequate and varied supply of food. Even in industrialized nations, where it may be presumed that healthy, nutritious food is easier to obtain, social, economic, educational, ethnic and cultural backgrounds influence the diet and may adversely affect an individual’s micronutrient status [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course

2018

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As humans age, the risk and severity of infections vary in line with immune competence according to how the immune system develops, matures, and declines. Several factors influence the immune system and its competence, including nutrition. A bidirectional relationship among nutrition, infection and immunity exists: changes in one component affect the others. For example, distinct immune features present during each life stage may affect the type, prevalence, and severity of infections, while poor nutrition can compromise immune function and increase infection risk. Various micronutrients are essential for immunocompetence, particularly vitamins A, C, D, E, B2, B6, and B12, folic acid, iron, selenium, and zinc. Micronutrient deficiencies are a recognized global public health issue, and poor nutritional status predisposes to certain infections. Immune function may be improved by restoring deficient micronutrients to recommended levels, thereby increasing resistance to infection and supporting faster recovery when infected. Diet alone may be insufficient and tailored micronutrient supplementation based on specific age-related needs necessary. This review looks at immune considerations specific to each life stage, the consequent risk of infection, micronutrient requirements and deficiencies exhibited over the life course, and the available evidence regarding the effects of micronutrient supplementation on immune function and infection.

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Micronutrient Deficiency in Women Living in Industrialized Countries During the Reproductive Years: Is there a Basis for Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients?

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Multiple Micronutrients and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Study

Multiple Micronutrients and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Study

Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course

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