Micronucleus assay in biomonitoring of patients undergoing excretory urography with diatrizoate and ioxaglate

Sinués, B.; Núñez, Eduardo; Bernal, María Luisa; Alcalá, Antonio Molina; Sáenz, M.A.; Conde, Blanca

doi:10.1016/0165-1218(91)90019-i

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Studies on patients exposed to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy have clearly shown that an in vivo exposure to clastogens can result in MN induction in stimulated blood lymphocytes (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Experience with lower exposure levels such as encountered in occupational chemical exposure has been less encouraging.…”

Section: Is Exposure To Aneuploidogens Detected?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronucleus assay in lymphocytes as a tool to biomonitor human exposure to aneuploidogens and clastogens.

Norppa

Luomahaara

Heikanen

et al. 1993

Environ Health Perspect

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The analysis of micronuclei (MN) in cultured human lymphocytes is, in principle, able to detect exposure to clastogens and aneuploidogens alike. There is, however, no clear evidence from human biomonitoring studies or animal experiments showing that in vivo exposure of resting lymphocytes to an aneuploidogen could actually be expressed as MN in cultured lymphocytes. In vitro, a pulse treatment of human lymphocytes with vinblastine, an aneuploidogen, did result in MN induction even if performed before mitogen stimulation, although a much more pronounced effect was obtained in actively dividing lymphocyte cultures. On the other hand, it is probable that a considerable portion of "spontaneous" MN contain whole chromosomes, their contribution increasing with age. It also seems that cytochalasin B, used for the identification of second cell cycle interphase cells in the MN assay, is able to slightly increase the level of MN with whole chromosomes. If MN harboring chromosome fragments represent a minority of the total MN frequency, there may be difficulties in detecting a weak effect in this fraction of MN against the background of MN with whole chromosomes. This would reduce the sensitivity of the assay in detecting clastogens, unless MN with whole chromosomes and chromosome fragments are distinguished from each other. That a problem may exist in sensitivity is suggested by the difficulty in demonstrating MN induction by smoking, an exposure capable of inducing chromosome aberrations. The sensitivity of the lymphocyte MN assay could be increased by detecting kinetochore or centromere in MN, or by automation, allowing more cells to be analyzed.ImagesFIGURE 2.

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Section: Is Exposure To Aneuploidogens Detected?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronucleus assay in lymphocytes as a tool to biomonitor human exposure to aneuploidogens and clastogens.

Norppa

Luomahaara

Heikanen

et al. 1993

Environ Health Perspect

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“…With respect to removal during municipal wastewater treatment, diatrizoate is the most persistent of the ICMs. Microbial transformation of diatrizoate results in the cleavage of the two acetyl groups, leaving a suite of stable 2,4,6-triiodinated aromatic compounds. , The formation of these transformation products is a concern because the metabolites of diatrizoate with free amino groups might exhibit mutagenic effects. , In addition, although diatrizoate is considered to be biochemically inert and pose a small environmental risk, some research has suggested that it may have nephrotoxic effects in animals and humans. , Furthermore, a recent study reported that ICM can also be a source of iodine in the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of the X-ray Contrast Media Diatrizoate by Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation

Radjenović

Flexer

Donose

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Due to their resistance to biological wastewater treatment, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) have been detected in municipal wastewater effluents at relatively high concentrations (i.e., up to 100 μg L(-1)), with hospitals serving as their main source. To provide a new approach for reducing the concentrations of ICMs in wastewater, electrochemical reduction at three-dimensional graphite felt and graphite felt doped with palladium nanoparticles was examined as a means for deiodination of the common ICM diatrizoate. The presence of palladium nanoparticles significantly enhanced the removal of diatrizoate and enabled its complete deiodination to 3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid. When the system was employed in the treatment of hospital wastewater, diatrizoate was reduced, but the extent of electrochemical reduction decreased as a result of competing reactions with solutes in the matrix. Following electrochemical reduction of diatrizoate to 3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid, electrochemical oxidation with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes was employed. 3,5-Diacetamidobenzoic acid disappeared from solution at a rate that was similar to that of diatrizoate, but it was more readily mineralized than the parent compound. When electrochemical reduction and oxidation were coupled in a three-compartment reactor operated in a continuous mode, complete deiodination of diatrizoate was achieved at an applied cathode potential of -1.7 V vs SHE, with the released iodide ions electrodialyzed in a central compartment with 80% efficiency. The resulting BDD anode potential (i.e., +3.4-3.5 V vs SHE) enabled efficient oxidation of the products of the reductive step. The presence of other anions (e.g., chloride) was likely responsible for a decrease in I(-) separation efficiency when hospital wastewater was treated. Reductive deiodination combined with oxidative degradation provides benefits over oxidative treatment methods because it does not produce stable iodinated intermediates. Nevertheless, the process must be further optimized for the conditions encountered in hospital wastewater to improve the separation efficiency of halide ions prior to the electrooxidation step.

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“…Compared with the extensive results on in vivo and in vitro induction of chromosome aberrations or micronuclei in human lymphocytes by diagnostic x-ray radiation qualities in combination with iodinated contrast agents (Adams et al 1977, Cochran et al 1980, Hadnagy et al 1982, Norman et al 1978, Parvez et al 1987, Sinues et al 1991, relatively little information has been reported on similar biological effects of computed tomography (CT) scans in vivo and in vitro. This situation is remarkable, because in the past two decades the increasing use of CT scans in clinical practice has made CT a significant contributor to the total collective dose from all medical x-ray examinations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of x-ray contrast agents in computed tomography on the induction of dicentrics and γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes of human blood samples

et al. 2009

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The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify two biomarkers for radiation exposure (dicentrics and gamma-H2AX foci) in human lymphocytes after CT scans in the presence of an iodinated contrast agent. Blood samples from a healthy donor were exposed to CT scans in the absence or presence of iotrolan 300 at iodine concentrations of 5 or 50 mg ml(-1) blood. The samples were exposed to 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 1 Gy in a tissue equivalent body phantom. Chromosome aberration scoring and automated microscopic analysis of gamma-H2AX foci were performed in parts of the same samples. The theoretical physical dose enhancement factor (DEF) was calculated on the basis of the mass energy-absorption coefficients of iodine and blood and the photon energy spectrum of the CT tube. No significant differences in the yields of dicentrics and gamma-H2AX foci were observed in the absence or presence of 5 mg iodine ml(-1) blood up to 0.1 Gy, whereas at 1 Gy the yields were elevated for both biomarkers. At an iodine concentration of 50 mg ml(-1) serving as a positive control, a biological DEF of 9.5 +/- 1.4 and 2.3 +/- 0.5 was determined for dicentrics and gamma-H2AX foci, respectively. A physical DEF of 1.56 and 6.30 was calculated for 5 and 50 mg iodine ml(-1), respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that in the diagnostic dose range (radiation and contrast dose), no relevant biological dose-enhancing effect could be detected, whereas a clear biological dose-enhancing effect could be found for a contrast dose well outside the diagnostic CT range for the complete radiation dose range with both methods.

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Micronucleus assay in biomonitoring of patients undergoing excretory urography with diatrizoate and ioxaglate

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Micronucleus assay in lymphocytes as a tool to biomonitor human exposure to aneuploidogens and clastogens.

Micronucleus assay in lymphocytes as a tool to biomonitor human exposure to aneuploidogens and clastogens.

Removal of the X-ray Contrast Media Diatrizoate by Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation

The influence of x-ray contrast agents in computed tomography on the induction of dicentrics and γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes of human blood samples

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