Micronuclei induction by 13 week-inhalation of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane in Sprague-Dawley rats

Maeng, Seung-Hee; Kim, Hyeon-Yeong; Chung, Hai Won; Kim, Soojin; Han, Jeong-Hee; Lee, Yong-Mook; Kim, Kwang-Jong; Yu, Il-Je

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.008

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…It did show positive results in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell chromosome aberration study (Bootman and Hodson-Walker 1988). Exposure of rats to levels up to 6000 ppm for 13 weeks resulted in a significant increase in micronuclei frequencies in the males exposed to 6000 ppm, but not the females (Brock et al 1995;Maeng et al 2004). Overall, it is not considered to be genotoxic agent (Bootman and Hodson-Walker 1988; Hodson-Walker 1990).…”

Section: Carcinogenesis a 2 Year Inhalation Study Was Conductedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons

Rusch¹

2018

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as the safe replacements for the toxic and flammable refrigerants being used at that time. Subsequently, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were also developed. In addition to refrigerant applications, they were used as foam blowing agents, as solvents and as propellants for many aerosols. In the 1970s and 1980s, concern developed about their environmental impact, specifically on stratospheric ozone depletion. Industry began to consider acceptable replacements. In 1987, many of the governments of the world came together and drafted the Montreal Protocol, calling upon Industry to initially phase out production of the CFCs and later HCFCs. Within 4 months of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, the 15 global major producers joined together to form the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), which sponsored research into environmental effects and the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbons toxicity Testing, PAFT), which examined the toxicology of potential replacements for the CFCs and HCFCs. Nine replacements were identified by companies and, through this international cooperation; toxicology programs were designed, conducted, and evaluated without duplication of effort and testing; consequently these new products were introduced within less than 10 years. Indeed the Montreal Protocol has been recognized as the most appropriate international treaty to phase-down HFCs. In 2016 the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set out a phase-down schedule for the consumption and production of HFCs. In order to reduce the consumption and emissions of high GWP HFCs. Recently lower GWP HFCs and very low GWP HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins and HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) have been introduced into a range of applications. Summaries of the toxicology profiles of some of the original CFCs and HCFCs, the replacements and the new post-PAFT replacements are described.

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Section: Carcinogenesis a 2 Year Inhalation Study Was Conductedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons

Rusch¹

2018

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Organic Chlorofluoro Hydrocarbons

Gadagbui,

Onyema

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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This chapter is about organic chlorofluoro hydrocarbons, which are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F). In the early 1930s, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as “safe” replacements for refrigerants such as sulfur dioxide, ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform. The list was later expanded during World War II to include their use to produce insecticide aerosols to protect the troops in tropical areas against malaria and other insect‐borne diseases. Current usages include foam blowing, precision cleaning, and propellants for medicinal, cosmetic, and general‐purpose aerosols, air conditioning, and refrigeration. The expanded use of these CFCs has resulted in their emissions into the atmosphere. The CFCs have low chemical reactivity, long atmospheric lifetime, and are globally distributed. However, since they are ozone‐depleting and are also powerful greenhouse gases (GHGs), development was initiated to replace them with comparatively less ozone‐depleting and less greenhouse‐warming hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Subsequently, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were developed that were both less ozone‐depleting and less GHGs accumulating. Both CFCs and HCFCs are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. The widespread use concerns about their environmental and human health effects of these substances have been extensively reviewed. This chapter updates information on the health effects of some of the major and minor CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs, their global emissions estimates, the discrepancies, if any, between the major reporting regions and the global atmospheric emissions values, and the likely sources of the gap between the atmospheric measurements and the reported emissions.

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Organic Chlorofluoro Hydrocarbons

Rusch¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been used as refrigerants for many years. Because of their low chemical reactivity, they typically have long atmospheric residence times, and as a consequence, are distributed globally. The widespread use of these chemicals has been associated with depletion in ozone layer. Most of the nations of the world drafted and signed an agreement calling for the phaseout of CFCs. Further developments were initiated on two types of “in‐kind” replacements. The first were the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and the second were the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These chemicals are treated as greenhouse warming gases. It has been found that many of these chemicals are not highly toxic. The most typical responses observed following overexposure are sensitization of the myocardium to the action of adrenalin and CNS depression related to the anesthetic properties of many of these chemicals. Studies have been designed to allow for the determination of no‐observed‐effect levels (NOEL), thresholds, and EC 50 s as median effect concentrations. The present chapter summarizes the properties, production, uses, toxic effects, environmental impact and guidelines of exposure of these chemicals.

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Micronuclei induction by 13 week-inhalation of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane in Sprague-Dawley rats

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons

The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons

Organic Chlorofluoro Hydrocarbons

Organic Chlorofluoro Hydrocarbons

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