Micronizing of steroids for pulmonary delivery by supercritical carbon dioxide

Nanomedicine in pulmonary delivery

“…23,161,162 Supercritical fluid technology can be divided into several classes. The most important two are supercritical antisolvent precipitation (SAS) 163,164 and supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE). 165,166 The fundamental mechanism of SAS is based on rapid precipitation when a drug solution is brought into contact with a supercritical CO 2 .…”

“…Because most of the drugs (eg, asthma drugs) are not soluble in CO 2 , SAS processes provide an easy and excellent way to produce dry powder inhalation formulations. 163,164 SFEE can provide uniform crystalline drug nanoparticles, composite nanoparticles containing polymeric materials and the drugs, and nanosuspensions. 165,166 For instance, Chattopadhyay and colleagues 23 used a continuous SFEE method to produce nanoparticle suspensions containing one of three lipids (tripalmitin, tristearin, or gelucire 50/13), and one of two model drugs (indomethacin or ketoprofen).…”

Application of supercritical antisolvent method in drug encapsulation: a review

“…36 The structure of drugs and their properties are important factors in produced particle size in the SAS process. 59 Drug loading efficiency has been observed to be strongly related to the nature of the drug. For example, lipophilic drugs or CO 2 -soluble drugs are difficult to load.…”

“…Thus, the lower the solubility of the drug in the supercritical fluid, the more rapid will the precipitation be. 59 Besides, the properties of the drug influence the drug loading during nanoencapsulation of the drug in a biodegradable polymer. 60 Some research has shown that enhancement of the liophilicity of the drug reduces the loading drug efficiency in the SAS process.…”

Supercritical Fluid Application in Food and Bioprocess Technology

“…SC antisolvent method has great potential for processing of pharmaceuticals (Mosqueira et al 1981;Steckel et al 1997) and labile compounds such as proteins Winters et al 1999;Yeo et al 1994;Yeo et al 1993) and to obtain various morphologies of biopolymers (Bleich et al 1996;Debenedetti et al 1993;Dixon and Johnstone 1993;Reverchon 1999;Subramanian et al 1997), such as microspheres (Falk et al 1997) threads, fibers, networks (Dixon and Johnstone 1993), sponges, foams, and films. One of the advantages of using SCF in polymer processing is the possibility of producing different solid shapes and structures at low temperature with a minimum amount of residual organic solvents.…”