“…With different geometries and designs [3,4], such as solid, hollow, coated, or biodegradable [5] needle types in the scale of micrometers and nanometers [6], microneedle arrays (MNAs) can be fabricated with numerous methods such as 3D printing [7,8]. MNAs can be inserted into a target area, even within the depth of skin epidermis and thus they have emerging biomedical applications in drug delivery systems [9][10][11][12] with the capability of programmed deliveries of drug doses for multiple-injection therapies such as vaccination [13], sampling interstitial fluid (ISF) [14,15] biomarker detection [16], enhanced wound healing [17], fertility control [18], point-of-care (POC) setups and diagnostic tests [19,20], DNA extraction [21,22], cancer therapy [23], and force sensing [24].…”