Micromorphology and Histochemistry of the Laticifers from Vegetative Organs of Asclepiadoideae species (Apocynaceae)

Demarco, Diego

doi:10.15446/abc.v20n1.42375

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Latex is the laticifer's protoplast itself, which has most of the metabolites stored inside a large, central vacuole [7] (Figure 1G and H). This highly heterogeneous content forms a suspension or emulsion of many small particles in a fluid [16], whose typical color is milky white; however, depending on the latex composition, it may be red, orange, yellow, green and even colorless [7,9,10,23,30,33,34,39,42].…”

Section: Laticifermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Herbivory has important implications for the evolutionary processes of the plant community. Its analysis reveals a continuous evolutionary adaptation [5] in which the plants developed physical and chemical defense mechanisms, just as the insects co-evolutionarily improved molecular, physiological and behavioral components in response to these mechanisms [2,4,[6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These strategies may be (1) physical defenses, like trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals and sclerenchyma, which provide greater hardness to plant tissue and prevent it from penetration and degradation [13][14][15] and (2) chemical defenses, through the production of secondary metabolites by secretory cells [3,6,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. The secondary metabolites found in the different secretions (or natural products) include a great diversity of alkaloids, terpenoids, cyanogenic glycosides and phenolic compounds that are toxic and play a selective role in relation to the enemies, mainly against herbivory [10,17,19,22,23], thus enhancing the plant adaptive success in many environments [10,18,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laticifers and Secretory Ducts: Similarities and Differences

Prado¹,

Demarco²

2018

Ecosystem Services and Global Ecology

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During the evolution of terrestrial plants, many protective strategies have emerged, guaranteeing the survival of plants in the most varied environments. Among these strategies, we highlight the chemical defense of plants given by secretory structures, such as laticifers and secretory ducts. These glands are responsible for the production of viscous exudates that can be toxic, deterrent or repellent to herbivores, in addition to acting against microorganisms and sealing wounds. The similarities between latex and resin produced by certain ducts led several researchers to misinterpret their characteristics and generated a great number of divergences in the literature. This chapter aims to review the similarities and differences between laticifers and ducts and to demonstrate the structure, secretory activity and chemical composition of the secretion of each one, as well as the evolutionary and ecological aspects that can be associated with the high rate of survival and diversification of the plants that contain laticifers and/or ducts.Among the defensive glands, we highlight the tubular secretory systems that can form an anastomosed and branched network throughout the plant, a similarity that has generated numerous errors of identification between laticifers and resin ducts due to the production of similar secretions [6,17,25,29,31]. What are the similarities and differences between these two secretory structures? Laticifer and resin ductLaticifers and ducts can occur as single structures that often anastomose forming an interconnected network through all organs of the plant, whose viscous and mostly terpenic secretion

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Section: Laticifermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laticifers and Secretory Ducts: Similarities and Differences

Prado¹,

Demarco²

2018

Ecosystem Services and Global Ecology

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“…Latex is most commonly a milky white liquid, but in some cases it may be colorless or have other colors. This is due to latex composition, containing a variety of biologically active compounds, which can be several primary and secondary metabolites (Fahn, 1979;Demarco, 2015). Compounds such as terpenoids (Nemethy et al, 1983;McGarvey and Croteau, 1995;Famuyiwa et al, 2014;Demarco, 2015), cardenolids (Malcolm, 1991;Rasmann et al, 2009), alkaloids (Sacchetti et al, 1999;Weid et al, 2004;Hirayama et al, 2007), various proteins and enzymes (Ruperti et al, 2002;T.…”

Section: General Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due to latex composition, containing a variety of biologically active compounds, which can be several primary and secondary metabolites (Fahn, 1979;Demarco, 2015). Compounds such as terpenoids (Nemethy et al, 1983;McGarvey and Croteau, 1995;Famuyiwa et al, 2014;Demarco, 2015), cardenolids (Malcolm, 1991;Rasmann et al, 2009), alkaloids (Sacchetti et al, 1999;Weid et al, 2004;Hirayama et al, 2007), various proteins and enzymes (Ruperti et al, 2002;T. Freitas et al, 2007;Wasano et al, 2009), and protein inhibitors (Murdock et al, 1987;Gruden et al, 2003;Rodrigues Macedo et al, 2011) are common in latex (Ryan, 1990;Fürstenberg-Hägg et al, 2013).…”

Section: General Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laticifers in Sapindaceae

Montes¹

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Laticifers are poorly known among Sapindaceae species. They have only been cited in few works, without a description of its structure, ontogeny and histochemistry, which is of great importance to classify and distinguish them from idioblasts that are cells usually observed in the same organs. Therefore, this work aimed to verify the presence of laticifers in 64 species belonging to 21 genera of Sapindaceae, and to analyze their anatomical aspects, latex composition and evolution within the family. The material obtained from herbaria was rehydrated and embedded in methacrylate, according to the usual techniques in plant anatomy. For histochemical analysis fresh or Paraplast-embedded shoots were used. The presence of articulated nonanastomosing laticifers was confirmed for 15 genera from two subfamilies, being described for the first time in some genera. Apparently, this secretory structure arose six times during evolution of the family. They originate early in the development of shoot apex when the tissues are still in meristematic phase and distributed generally in cortex, phloem and pith. The histochemical tests allowed the observation of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds in the latex. Callose and suberin was also detected in laticifer walls of some species, helping in the interpretation of the infratribal relationships. In general laticifers in the family are small, short and narrow in comparison with other families, and for this reason, for a long time, remained unrecorded in the literature. Presence or absence of laticifers can be used as a character that can help in taxonomic resolution and establishment of relations among groups within Sapindaceae.

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First report of laticifers in lianas of Malpighiaceae and their phylogenetic implications

Pace

Neto

Santos‐Silva

et al. 2019

American J of Botany

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PremiseLaticifers have evolved multiple times in angiosperms and have been interpreted as a key innovation involved in plant defense mechanisms. In Malpighiaceae, laticifers were previously known from a single lineage of trees and shrubs, the Galphimia clade, but with detailed anatomical analyses here, we show that their distribution is broader in the family, also encompassing large clades of lianas.MethodsFrom 15 genera, 70 species of Malpighiaceae were surveyed through careful anatomical ontogenetic analysis of roots, stems, and leaves and detailed histochemical tests to elucidate the nature of laticifers and latex in the family.ResultsArticulated anastomosing laticifers were encountered in roots, stems, and leaves of two distantly related megadiverse genera of Malpighiaceae lianas: Stigmaphyllon (stigmaphylloid clade) and Tetrapterys s.s. (tetrapteroid clade). From the apex downward, in Stigmaphyllon the laticifers are derived from the procambium and from the cambium during its early activity and are present in the outermost part of the vascular cylinder of stems and leaves and in the pericycle of roots, whereas in Tetrapterys s.s. they are derived from the ground meristem, procambium, and cambium throughout the plant body and are present in the cortex and pith, either the pericycle in roots or the outermost part of the vascular system in stems and leaves, and the primary and secondary phloem.ConclusionsLaticifers seem to have evolved at least three times independently in Malpighiaceae, once in a lineage of trees and shrubs and twice in two distantly related megadiverse lianescent lineages. Laticifer evolution in Malpighiaceae is homoplastic and may be related to increases in species diversification.

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Micromorphology and Histochemistry of the Laticifers from Vegetative Organs of Asclepiadoideae species (Apocynaceae)

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Laticifers and Secretory Ducts: Similarities and Differences

Laticifers and Secretory Ducts: Similarities and Differences

Laticifers in Sapindaceae

First report of laticifers in lianas of Malpighiaceae and their phylogenetic implications

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