“…Based on the analogy with a minimum average spacing between cars that are parked randomly along an infinite line, the crack spacing was calculated by neglecting the elastic deformation. Several analytical models have been proposed to predict crack spacing (Kimber and Keer, 1982; Kullaa, 1998a, 1998b; Lu and Leung, 2016; Lu et al., 2016, 2017). Although the crack spacing was proven to be feasible to predict the stress–strain relationship, the related physical interpretation was not clarified.…”
A micromechanics-based equivalent elastoplastic damage model for both notch-sensitive and multiple cracking hybrid fiber reinforced composite is proposed in this study. In this model, the elastic modulus, first cracking strength, and ultimate strength are estimated based on micromechanics. To quantify strain after matrix cracks, a novel characteristic length is defined based on the damage mechanics. The effects of the fiber length, diameter and modulus, and interfacial bond stress on the characteristic length of hybrid fiber reinforced composite are presented. In order to avoid the difficulty of determining the traditional damage and plastic potential function, this model is developed from the behavior of single fiber at mesolevel to the response of hybrid fiber reinforced composite at macrolevel. Then the calculated results are verified with several published experimental results of fiber reinforced composites and hybrid fiber reinforced composite, including notch-sensitive cracking fiber reinforced composite, multiple cracking fiber reinforced composite, and multiple cracking hybrid fiber reinforced composite reinforced with two types of fibers (steel fiber and polyethylene fiber). A parametric study has been performed to investigate the effects of the fiber properties, including the fiber volume fraction, length, diameter, and interfacial bond stress, on the tensile performance of hybrid fiber reinforced composite reinforced with steel fiber-like and polyethylene fiber-like fibers. The results indicate that enhancement of the tensile performance can be achieved more effectively by improving the polyethylene fiber-like fiber than steel fiber-like fiber.
“…Based on the analogy with a minimum average spacing between cars that are parked randomly along an infinite line, the crack spacing was calculated by neglecting the elastic deformation. Several analytical models have been proposed to predict crack spacing (Kimber and Keer, 1982; Kullaa, 1998a, 1998b; Lu and Leung, 2016; Lu et al., 2016, 2017). Although the crack spacing was proven to be feasible to predict the stress–strain relationship, the related physical interpretation was not clarified.…”
A micromechanics-based equivalent elastoplastic damage model for both notch-sensitive and multiple cracking hybrid fiber reinforced composite is proposed in this study. In this model, the elastic modulus, first cracking strength, and ultimate strength are estimated based on micromechanics. To quantify strain after matrix cracks, a novel characteristic length is defined based on the damage mechanics. The effects of the fiber length, diameter and modulus, and interfacial bond stress on the characteristic length of hybrid fiber reinforced composite are presented. In order to avoid the difficulty of determining the traditional damage and plastic potential function, this model is developed from the behavior of single fiber at mesolevel to the response of hybrid fiber reinforced composite at macrolevel. Then the calculated results are verified with several published experimental results of fiber reinforced composites and hybrid fiber reinforced composite, including notch-sensitive cracking fiber reinforced composite, multiple cracking fiber reinforced composite, and multiple cracking hybrid fiber reinforced composite reinforced with two types of fibers (steel fiber and polyethylene fiber). A parametric study has been performed to investigate the effects of the fiber properties, including the fiber volume fraction, length, diameter, and interfacial bond stress, on the tensile performance of hybrid fiber reinforced composite reinforced with steel fiber-like and polyethylene fiber-like fibers. The results indicate that enhancement of the tensile performance can be achieved more effectively by improving the polyethylene fiber-like fiber than steel fiber-like fiber.
“…As noted in Kullaa (1998), the total slip at the end of the platelet can be written as the sum of the slip prior to dynamic slip, a dynamic slip term, and an elastic elongation of portion of the platelet that is outside of the matrix. The slip at the free end of the platelet becomes:…”
a b s t r a c tCrack bridging by discontinuous fibers can make brittle materials tougher by transferring stresses from the crack tip to elsewhere in the matrix material. One important aspect of crack bridging is the nature of the interface between the fibers and the matrix material. In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical model of bridging a Mode I loaded crack by linear elastic discontinuous platelets is developed for two different types of interfaces. The first type is a perfectly bonded interface. The second type is an imperfect interface described as a stick-slip interface. A shear-lag model to predict platelet pullout is developed in detail to verify the numerical implementation of the stick-slip interface. An example of a crack tip bridged by a platelet is examined for both interfaces. The perfectly bonded interface will reduce the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) of the crack greatly but introduces new stress concentrations at the platelet ends. The stick-slip interface can be tailored to also reduce the SIF while not introducing new stress concentrations.
“…The energy expressions including the void volume fraction or microcrack f densities are obtained by using a more or less strict micromechanical survey. Q r It is both preferable and more popular, as several papers [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] indicate, just simply to refer to some of the many studies on this topic. The Gurson Model [21] for simulation of the response of plastic yield in a porous material is a good example of an old micromechanical model which is still in active use, although now in enhanced form and referred to as Gurson-Tvergaard-Needelman [22].…”
A material containing spherical microvoids with a Hookean matrix response was shown to take the appearance usually applied in continuum damage mechanics. However, the commonly used variable damage was replaced with the void volume fraction , D f which has a clear physical meaning, and the elastic strain tensor with the damage-elastic g e strain tensor. The postulate of strain equivalence with the effective stress concept was g de reformulated and applied to a case where the response of the matrix obeys Hooke's law. In contrast to many other studies, in the derived relation between the effective stress tensor and the stress tensor , the tensor is symmetric. A uniaxial bar model σ σσ was introduce for clarifying the derived results. Other candidates for damage were demonstrated by studying the effect of carbide coarsening on creep rate.
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