Micromechanical Dilution of PLA/PETG–Glass/Iron Nanocomposites: A More Efficient Molecular Dynamics Approach

Abstract

Polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) (PETG) are popular thermoplastics used in additive manufacturing applications. The mechanical properties of PLA and PETG can be significantly improved by introducing fillers, such as glass and iron nanoparticles (NPs), into the polymer matrix. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the reactive INTER-FACE force field were used to predict the mechanical responses of neat PLA/PETG and PLA−glass/iron and PETG−glass/iron nanocomposites with relatively high loadings of glass/iron NPs. We found that the iron and glass NPs significantly increased the elastic moduli of the PLA matrix, while the PETG matrix exhibited modest increases in elastic moduli. This difference in reinforcement ability may be due to the slightly greater attraction between the glass/iron NP and PLA matrix. The NASA Multiscale Analysis Tool was used to predict the mechanical response across a range of volume percent glass/iron filler by using only the neat and highly loaded MD predictions as input. This provides a faster and more efficient approach than creating multiple MD models per volume percent per polymer/filler combination. To validate the micromechanics predictions, experimental samples incorporating hollow glass microspheres (MS) and carbonyl iron particles (CIP) into PLA/PETG were developed and tested for elastic modulus. The CIP produced a larger reinforcement in elastic modulus than the MS, with similar increases in elastic modulus between PLA/CIP and PETG/CIP at 7.77 vol % CIP. The micromechanics-based mechanical predictions compare excellently with the experimental values, validating the integrated micromechanical/MD simulation-based approach.