Micromachined tunable metamaterials: a review

Liu, A. Q.; Zhu, Weiming; Tsai, Din Ping; Zheludev, Nikolay I.

doi:10.1088/2040-8978/14/11/114009

Cited by 154 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…2c) for a single SQUID meta-atom to obtain results that can be compared directly with the single SQUID analytic solution. At a low initial-power level, the systems starts out in a transparent state (small absolute value of w f ) resulting in a large value of the transmission |S 21 | through the SQUID-loaded CPW. When increasing the power, it remains in this state until it is no longer stable (E À 37 dBm in this case).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. The black points show the mean magnitude of the difference in |S 21 | before and after applying the microwave pulse and its standard deviation. Each of the points contain information from 150 measurements using the sequence outlined in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a highly desirable feature for a meta-atom provided one can reliably switch it from one to another state in situ. Similar to the quantum switch 20 and unlike most other switchable meta-atoms, the process of switching in this approach is not associated with a change of the static mechanical 21 or electronic 22 properties. Here, we demonstrate the switchability of the SQUIDs experimentally and provide an analytical model describing the observed behaviour.…”

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confidence: 94%

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Multistability and switching in a superconducting metamaterial

et al. 2014

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The field of metamaterial research revolves around the idea of creating artificial media that interact with light in a way unknown from naturally occurring materials. This is commonly achieved using sub-wavelength lattices of electronic or plasmonic structures, so-called metaatoms. One of the ultimate goals for these tailored media is the ability to control their properties in situ. Here we show that superconducting quantum interference devices can be used as fast, switchable meta-atoms. We find that their intrinsic nonlinearity leads to simultaneously stable dynamic states, each of which is associated with a different value and sign of the magnetic susceptibility in the microwave domain. Moreover, we demonstrate that it is possible to switch between these states by applying nanosecond-long pulses in addition to the microwave-probe signal. Apart from potential applications for this all-optical metamaterial switch, the results suggest that multistability can also be utilized in other types of nonlinear meta-atoms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 94%

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Multistability and switching in a superconducting metamaterial

et al. 2014

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“…[14][15][16] Recently, much effort has been devoted to the development of dynamically tunable metamaterials (see refs. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and the references therein). Although the modulation of optical chiral effects is achieved by hybridizing chiral metamaterials with tunable media, [25,26] the effects demonstrated are highly dispersive since they are based on resonance shifts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization‐Induced Chirality in Metamaterials via Optomechanical Interaction

Liu

Powell

Guo

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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manipulate the optical chiral effect, i.e., to not only control the strength but also the sign of chirality over the entire resonance band, one needs to dynamically and spatially control the structural symmetry at the subwavelength scale. This becomes challenging for metamaterial structures operating at infrared or optical frequencies, and introducing dielectrics to avoid the high losses of metals further increases the demands on the design.One of the promising approaches for reconfiguring all-dielectric metamaterials and metasurfaces is to exploit optomechanical effects. [27][28][29][30][31][32] As has been shown in the previous studies, the direction of an optical force acting on optomechanical structures is determined by the symmetry of the eigenmode profiles; [33][34][35] to generate an optical force acting in a certain direction, one needs to break the structural symmetry in that direction [28,31,36] -this is the case when the internal optical force of the system, originating from the near-field interaction within the system, dominates.However, in open systems like metamaterials, in addition to the internal force, there is also a non-negligible external force due to the interaction of incident light and the system, and the latter can be designed to be much stronger than the former. Importantly, since the external force has many degrees of freedom controlled by the incident wave, it provides a new possibility to generate an optical force and even to control its direction without the restrictions imposed by structural symmetry.Here, we introduce an optomechanical paradigm that allows full spatial control of metamaterials and metasurfaces working at infrared and optical frequencies. First, we show analytically that for a general two-resonator coupled system, the optical forces acting on the two resonators are asymmetric as long as the incident field can simultaneously excite the two normal modes of the system, i.e., the symmetric and antisymmetric modes. We propose a simple system based on nonparallel coupled dipole meta-atoms, which is inherently achiral (mirror symmetric). We show analytically and numerically that due to the interaction and the collective enhancement in the array structure, the external force acting on the dipole metaatoms can become highly asymmetric if the incident polarization explicitly breaks the mirror symmetry of the system, i.e., when it is not aligned with the symmetry axes of the system or becomes circularly polarized. This relative force is maximized around the antisymmetric mode, where the unusual phase response of the coupled meta-atoms leads to optical forces A novel type of metamaterial is introduced, where the structural symmetry can be controlled by optical forces. Since symmetry sets fundamental bounds on the optical response, symmetry breaking changes the properties of metamaterials qualitatively over the entire resonant frequency band. This is achieved by a polarized pump beam, exerting optical forces which are not constrained by the structural symmetry. This new concept ...

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“…The active tuning of metamaterials can improve functionality by broadening the operating frequency, modulating the magnitude and phase, or controlling the polarization or directionality of an incident beam. Over the past several years, optical [10][11][12][13] , thermal 14 , electrical [15][16][17][18][19] , and mechanical 20 schemes have been utilized to modulate the response of the metamaterials by dynamically altering the properties of materials within the unit cell or by changing the near-field coupling between neighboring resonators 21,22 . Broadside coupled split-ring resonators (SRRs) have been analyzed theoretically and experimentally to evaluate the effect of near field coupling on the response characteristics 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltage-tunable dual-layer terahertz metamaterials

et al. 2016

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This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a real-time voltage-tunable terahertz metamaterial based on microelectromechanical systems and broadside-coupled split-ring resonators. In our metamaterial, the magnetic and electric interactions between the coupled resonators are modulated by a comb-drive actuator, which provides continuous lateral shifting between the coupled resonators by up to 20 μm. For these strongly coupled split-ring resonators, both a symmetric mode and an anti-symmetric mode are observed. With increasing lateral shift, the electromagnetic interactions between the split-ring resonators weaken, resulting in frequency shifting of the resonant modes. Over the entire lateral shift range, the symmetric mode blueshifts bỹ 60 GHz, and the anti-symmetric mode redshifts by~50 GHz. The amplitude of the transmission at 1.03 THz is modulated by 74%; moreover, a 180°phase shift is achieved at 1.08 THz. Our tunable metamaterial device has myriad potential applications, including terahertz spatial light modulation, phase modulation, and chemical sensing. Furthermore, the scheme that we have implemented can be scaled to operate at other frequencies, thereby enabling a wide range of distinct applications.

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Micromachined tunable metamaterials: a review

Cited by 154 publications

References 106 publications

Multistability and switching in a superconducting metamaterial

Multistability and switching in a superconducting metamaterial

Polarization‐Induced Chirality in Metamaterials via Optomechanical Interaction

Voltage-tunable dual-layer terahertz metamaterials

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