Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resources Standards and Guidelines Review: Grid Connection and Operation Technical Requirements

Abstract

In this review, the state of the art of 23 distributed generation and microgrids standards has been analyzed. Among these standards, 18 correspond mainly to distributed generation while five of them introduce the concept of microgrid. The following topics have been considered: interconnection criteria, operating conditions, control capabilities, power quality, protection functions and reference variables. The revised national standards cover ten countries on four continents, which represents 80% of the countries with the largest installed renewable capacities. In addition, eight other relevant international standards have been analyzed, finding IEEE 1547 as the most comprehensive standard. It is identified a clear need to define a common framework for distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrid standards in the future, wherein topics, terminology, and values are expressed in a manner that may widely cover the entire diversity in a way similar to how it has already been expressed at the network transport level by the ENTSO-E codes.

A Comprehensive Review of Cybersecurity in Inverter-Based Smart Power System Amid the Boom of Renewable Energy

“…Microgrids have to abide by interconnection standard, which means that there are requirements on voltage, frequency and their variation threshold. Nevertheless, standards for microgrid varies between countries and for specific applications, leading to a wide range of microgrid configuration in cybersecurity studies [164]. Encountered testcases are either created from the ground up [144] or mod- ified from a standard distribution testcase [143].…”

Review, analysis, and performance evaluation of the most common four active methods for islanding detection in grid-connected photovoltaic systems

“…Usually, the islanding operation mode is unwanted due to safety issues of the utility grid, or it can lead to asynchronous reconnection [2] that may damage the equipment [7]. Because of these risks, grid codes and standards [8], like IEEE-1547 UL-1741, IEC62116, VDE 0126-1-1, IEEE Std. 929-2000 [4], and IEEE 1547 have been established [9]- [11].…”

“…929-2000 [4], and IEEE 1547 have been established [9]- [11]. The dispersed generation and microgrid standards have been recently reviewed in [8].…”

Sizing and Sitting of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Distribution Networks with Transient Stability Consideration

“…However, grid integration of numerous renewable energy sources may bring unforeseen problems to the frequency, voltage, and stability of power systems. Some countries have drawn up relevant regulations to improve the impact of grid-connected renewable energy sources; such regulations were compiled in [2]. Moreover, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) proposed specifications for the grid-connected features, safety considerations, and island operations of distributed energy resources (DERs) at primary or secondary distribution voltage levels in IEEE Std.…”