Microglial dynamics during brain development

Okajima, Tomomi; Tsuruta, Fuminori

doi:10.4103/1673-5374.226386

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…During brain development, the amoeboid form of microglia is predominant, especially when synapse remodeling is at its peak. Following this period, within the first two postnatal weeks, they transition to the ramified form [131,132]. A similar transition is observed in the retina.…”

Section: Different Microglial Phenotypes and Aβ Clearancesupporting

confidence: 61%

Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer–Perusini’s Disease and Retinal Dystrophies

Donato,

Mordà,

Scimone

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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In the early stages of Alzheimer–Perusini’s disease (AD), individuals often experience vision-related issues such as color vision impairment, reduced contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity problems. As the disease progresses, there is a connection with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading to retinal cell death. The retina’s involvement suggests a link with the hippocampus, where most AD forms start. A thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is seen as a potential AD diagnostic marker using electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Amyloid beta fragments (Aβ), found in the eye’s vitreous and aqueous humor, are also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulate in the retina. Aβ is known to cause tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to its buildup in various retinal layers. However, diseases like AD are now seen as mixed proteinopathies, with deposits of the prion protein (PrP) and α-synuclein found in affected brains and retinas. Glial cells, especially microglial cells, play a crucial role in these diseases, maintaining immunoproteostasis. Studies have shown similarities between retinal and brain microglia in terms of transcription factor expression and morphotypes. All these findings constitute a good start to achieving better comprehension of neurodegeneration in both the eye and the brain. New insights will be able to bring the scientific community closer to specific disease-modifying therapies.

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Section: Different Microglial Phenotypes and Aβ Clearancesupporting

confidence: 61%

Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer–Perusini’s Disease and Retinal Dystrophies

Donato,

Mordà,

Scimone

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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“…During the first two weeks of life, microglia undergo significant morphological changes that include enhanced ramification, a process that is thought to facilitate synaptic pruning ( Johnson and Kaffman, 2018 ; Okajima and Tsuruta, 2018 ; Zusso et al, 2012 ). Here we extend previous work showing that this process is significantly impaired in LB mice ( Hoeijmakers et al, 2017 ; Johnson et al, 2018 ) by directly linking it to impaired capacity to engulf synaptic material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life stress impairs synaptic pruning in the developing hippocampus

Dayananda

Ahmed²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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“…PLX5622 treatment reduced the number of microglia (Iba1-positive cells) by 80% (Figure 3B). Microglia of control mice displayed the ramified shape normally seen in the healthy brain [33,34], but microglia of PLX5622-treated mice showed the amoeboid or round shape normally found in the brain with neuron damage (Figure 3A,D). PLX5622 treatment reduced the numbers of neurons (Figure 3A,C), the number and length of neuron dendrites (Figure 3D), and the cell body size of neurons (Figure 3D,E), which were surrounded by the round shape of microglia (Figure 3D).…”

Section: Depletion Of Microglia By Plx5622 Increases Hsv-1 Lethality ...mentioning

confidence: 96%

Microglia Reduce Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Lethality of Mice with Decreased T Cell and Interferon Responses in Brains

Tsai

Wang

Tsai

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects the majority of the human population and can induce encephalitis, which is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis. An increase of microglia is detected in the brains of encephalitis patients. The issues regarding whether and how microglia protect the host and neurons from HSV-1 infection remain elusive. Using a murine infection model, we showed that HSV-1 infection on corneas increased the number of microglia to outnumber those of infiltrating leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells) and enhanced microglia activation in brains. HSV-1 antigens were detected in brain neurons, which were surrounded by microglia. Microglia depletion increased HSV-1 lethality of mice with elevated brain levels of viral loads, infected neurons, neuron loss, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, interferon (IFN)-β, and IFN-γ. In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia from infected mice reduced virus infectivity. Moreover, microglia induced IFN-β and the signaling pathway of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 to inhibit viral replication and damage of neurons. Our study reveals how microglia protect the host and neurons from HSV-1 infection.

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Microglial dynamics during brain development

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer–Perusini’s Disease and Retinal Dystrophies

Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer–Perusini’s Disease and Retinal Dystrophies

Early life stress impairs synaptic pruning in the developing hippocampus

Microglia Reduce Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Lethality of Mice with Decreased T Cell and Interferon Responses in Brains

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