Microglial activation, macrophage infiltration, and evidence of cell death in the fetal brain after uteroplacental administration of lipopolysaccharide in sheep in late gestation

Hutton, Lisa Cathleen; Castillo‐Melendez, Margie; Smythe, George A.; Walker, David

doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.035

Cited by 49 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Direct fetal infection is not required to trigger inflammation and neural injury. In fetal sheep, uteroplacental inflammation induced by endotoxins is associated with significant microglial activation and macrophage infiltration in the fetal brain (33). Similarly, in rabbits, after maternal endotoxin exposure in late gestation, motor deficit in the rabbit pups was associated with microglia activation detected by positron emission tomography imaging (34), although the observed motor deficits were mild to moderate.…”

Section: Stages Of Microglia Activation In the Immature Brainmentioning

confidence: 95%

Astrocytes and microglia in acute cerebral injury underlying cerebral palsy associated with preterm birth

et al. 2013

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Section: Stages Of Microglia Activation In the Immature Brainmentioning

confidence: 95%

Astrocytes and microglia in acute cerebral injury underlying cerebral palsy associated with preterm birth

et al. 2013

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“…Microglial activation has often been the first – or at least a significant – cellular event detected in and around a lesion in several animal models of developing brain injuries such as those induced by mechanical trauma, infection/inflammation, excitotoxic insults and hypoxia-ischemia [59,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]. Moreover, microglial activation has been demonstrated in postmortem brain specimens of premature infants with periventricular leukomalacia [87,88,89].…”

Section: Microglial Activation In the Neonatal Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Yin and Yang of Microglia

2011

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Microglia, the resident immune cells of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological conditions such as the restoration of CNS integrity and the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Extensive data have been published that describe neuroinflammation by microglial activation to have detrimental consequences on the developing and mature brain. On the other hand, a properly directed and limited inflammatory response is known to be a natural healing process after an insult in several other tissues. Thus, it is not surprising that research results illustrating benefits of neuroinflammation have been emerging over the past decade. Inflammation-mediated benefits for CNS outcomes include mechanisms such as neuroprotection, mobilization of neural precursors for repair, remyelination and axonal regeneration. Here, we review data that highlight the dual aspects of microglia with a focus on the developing brain, i.e. as aggressors potentiating damage and as helpers in the recovery process following CNS damage.

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“…Intrauterine infection is often associated with fetal hypoxia, and although either direct fetal infection or the flooding of fetal tissues (in particular, the fetal brain) by proinflammatory cytokines is usually the point of discussion [38,39,40], the placenta itself shows considerable and distinct responses to infectious agents [41,42]. Elevated IĸB phosphorylation and activation of NF-ĸB have been described in the placenta [42], and in turn, activated NF-ĸB mediates the production and release of placental proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α [42].…”

Section: Oxidative Stress and The Inflammatory Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Therapies: A Potential Role in Perinatal Medicine

2012

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Pregnancies complicated by impaired placentation, acute severe reductions in oxygen supply to the fetus, or intrauterine infection are associated with oxidative stress to the mother and developing baby. Such oxidative stress is characterized as an upregulation in the production of oxidative or nitrative free radicals and a concomitant decrease in the availability of antioxidant species, thereby creating a state of fetoplacental oxidative imbalance. Recently, there has been a good deal of interest in the potential for the use of antioxidant therapies in the perinatal period to protect the fetus, particularly the developing brain, against oxidative stress in complications of pregnancy and birth. This review will examine why the immature brain is particularly susceptible to oxidative imbalance and will provide discussion on antioxidant treatments currently receiving attention in the adult and perinatal literature – allopurinol, melatonin, α-lipoic acid, and vitamins C and E. In addition, we aim to address the interaction between oxidative stress and the fetal inflammatory response, an interaction that may be vital when proposing antioxidant or other neuroprotective strategies.

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Microglial activation, macrophage infiltration, and evidence of cell death in the fetal brain after uteroplacental administration of lipopolysaccharide in sheep in late gestation

Cited by 49 publications

References 34 publications

Astrocytes and microglia in acute cerebral injury underlying cerebral palsy associated with preterm birth

Astrocytes and microglia in acute cerebral injury underlying cerebral palsy associated with preterm birth

The Yin and Yang of Microglia

Antioxidant Therapies: A Potential Role in Perinatal Medicine

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