Microglia increase as photoreceptors decrease in the aging avian retina

Kunert, Kathleen S.; Fitzgerald, Malinda E.C.; Thomson, Lauren R.; Dorey, C. Kathleen

doi:10.1076/ceyr.18.6.440.5265

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…There is evidence for both developmental-and aging-related change in both ganglion cell and photoreceptor number in several vertebrates [Gao and Hollyfi eld, 1992;Kunert et al, 1999;Obin et al, 2000]. Therefore, our results could have been affected in an uncontrolled manner by our use of animals of unknown age.…”

Section: Retinal Histologymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In laboratory mice, age is associated with increased eye and lens size [Zhou and Williams, 1999], a slight decrease in depth of the vitreal chamber [Schmucker and Schaeffel, 2004], and a gradual loss of photoreceptors and ganglion cells [Gao and Hollyfi eld, 1992;Kunert et al, 1999;Obin et al, 2000]. Although the wild mice of known age that we evaluated were all known or assumed to be fairly young, the anatomical and histological data from these mice were consistent with the age-related trends observed for laboratory mouse strains in the present study, and with previous work by others.…”

Section: Validation Of Mouse Models Of the Visual Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Eye of the Laboratory Mouse Remains Anatomically Adapted for Natural Conditions

Shupe

Kristan

Austad³

et al. 2005

Brain Behav Evol

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Evolutionary effects of domestication have been demonstrated for several body systems, including the eye, and for several vertebrate species, including the mouse. Given the importance of the laboratory mouse to vision science, we wished to determine whether the anatomical and histological features of the eyes of laboratory mice are distinct from those of their naturally adapted, wild counterparts. We measured dimensions and masses of whole eyes and lenses from a wild population plus three inbred strains (C57BL/6J, NZB/BINJ, and DBA/1J) of the house house, Mus musculus, as well as wild and outbred laboratory-domesticated stock of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Histological preparations from these eyes were used to determine outer nuclear layer thickness, linear density of the ganglion cell layer, and for indirect immunofluorescence evaluation of cone opsin expression. For all of these traits, no statistically significant differences were found between any laboratory strain and its wild counterpart. The evolutionary effects of domestication of mice therefore do not include changes to the eye in any variable measured, supporting the continued use of this animal as a model for a naturally adapted visual system.

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Section: Retinal Histologymentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Validation Of Mouse Models Of the Visual Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eye of the Laboratory Mouse Remains Anatomically Adapted for Natural Conditions

Shupe

Kristan

Austad³

et al. 2005

Brain Behav Evol

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“…The occurrence of photoreceptor death in E9 + 8 div QEROCs may be due to the absence of factors that would be present in the retina in situ. Dying photoreceptors might in turn attract microglial cells into the ONL, as described in different models of developing and adult retinal degeneration in rodents (Thanos, 1992;Kunert et al, 1999;Zeng et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2007;Santos et al, 2010). If this is the case, we cannot rule out that photoreceptor cell death is amplified by microglial cells after their arrival in the ONL.…”

Section: Why Microglia Round In E9 Qerocs After 7 DIVmentioning

confidence: 89%

Migration and ramification of microglia in quail embryo retina organotypic cultures

Carrasco

Navascués

Cuadros

et al. 2011

Developmental Neurobiology

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Organotypic cultures of retina explants preserve the complex cellular microenvironment of the retina and have been used as a tool to assess the biological functions of some cell types. However, studies to date have shown that microglial cells activate quickly in response to the retina explantation. In this study, microglial cells migrated and ramified in quail embryo retina organotypic cultures (QEROCs) according to chronological patterns bearing a resemblance to those in the retina in situ, despite some differences in cell density and ramification degree. Retinal explants from quail embryos at 9 days of incubation (E9) proved to be the best in vitro system for reproducing a physiological-like behavior of microglial cells when cultured in Eagle's basal medium supplemented with horse serum. During the first week in vitro, microglial cells migrated tangentially in the vitreal part of QEROCs, and some began to migrate radially from 3 days in vitro (div) onward, ramifying in the inner and outer plexiform layers, thus mimicking microglia development in the retina in situ, although reaching a lower degree of ramification after 7 div. From 8 div onward, microglial cells rounded throughout the explant thickness simultaneously with the nonphysiological appearance of dead photoreceptors and round microglia in the outernuclear layer. Therefore, E9 QEROCs can be used during the first week in vitro as a model system for experimental studies of molecules putatively involved in microglial migration and ramification.

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“…In senile rats (24 months old) deficits in retinal DA were associated with visual deterioration [315]. Increases in activated microglia in retina occurred in aging pigeons and quail and numbers were inversely related to photoreceptor number [316].…”

Section: Dopamine Clocks and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopamine and Aging: Intersecting Facets

Rollo

2008

Neurochem Res

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Aging encompasses life itself so understanding requires frameworks that forge unity amidst complexity. The free radical theory of aging is one example. The original focus on damage was augmented recently by appreciation that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are essential to normal signaling and cell function. This paradigm is currently undergoing an explosive expansion fueled by the discovery that regulatory organization is a merry-go-round of redox cycling seamlessly fused to endogenous clocks. This might best be described as an "Electroplasmic Cycle." This is certainly applicable to dopaminergic neurons with their exceptional metabolic, electrical and rhythmic properties. Here I review normal aging of dopamine systems to highlight them as a valuable model. I then examine the possible integration of free radical and ion channel theories of aging. Finally, I incorporate clocks and explore the multifaceted implications of electroplasmic cycles with special emphasis on dopamine.

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Microglia increase as photoreceptors decrease in the aging avian retina

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

The Eye of the Laboratory Mouse Remains Anatomically Adapted for Natural Conditions

The Eye of the Laboratory Mouse Remains Anatomically Adapted for Natural Conditions

Migration and ramification of microglia in quail embryo retina organotypic cultures

Dopamine and Aging: Intersecting Facets

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