Microglia in pediatric brain tumors: The missing link to successful immunotherapy

du Chatinier, Aimée; Velilla, Irene Querol; Meel, Michaël Hananja; Hoving, Eelco Wieger; Hulleman, Esther; Metselaar, Dennis Serge

doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101246

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 139 publications

(183 reference statements)

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“…These differences were not only observed between entities of tumours but also extents among molecular subgroups within one tumour entity [22,23]. Briefly, LGGs and ATRTs bear higher levels of infiltration of myeloid cells and lymphocytes than MBs and HGGs [23,24], whereas in HGGs and diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) lymphocyte infiltration is very low compared to other PBTs [25]. In this review, the most commonly occurring characteristics spanning the multiple PBT types will be discussed.…”

Section: Paediatric Brain Tumour Immune Microenvironmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like macrophages, microglia demonstrate an M2 tumour-supporting and anti-inflammatory state and an M1 pro-inflammatory and anti-tumour state [31]. Their phenotype seems to be correlated by the tumour entity with EPNs, with ATRTs having microglia with more proinflammatory phenotype while MBs and HGGs have an antiinflammatory phenotype [24].…”

Section: Paediatric Brain Tumour Immune Microenvironmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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OV Modulators of the Paediatric Brain TIME: Current Status, Combination Strategies, Limitations and Future Directions

Vazaios,

van Berkum,

Calkoen

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are characterised by their preference for infecting and replicating in tumour cells either naturally or after genetic modification, resulting in oncolysis. Furthermore, OVs can elicit both local and systemic anticancer immune responses while specifically infecting and lysing tumour cells. These characteristics render them a promising therapeutic approach for paediatric brain tumours (PBTs). PBTs are frequently marked by a cold tumour immune microenvironment (TIME), which suppresses immunotherapies. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the capability of OVs to induce a proinflammatory immune response, thereby modifying the TIME. In-depth insights into the effect of OVs on different cell types in the TIME may therefore provide a compelling basis for using OVs in combination with other immunotherapy modalities. However, certain limitations persist in our understanding of oncolytic viruses’ ability to regulate the TIME to enhance anti-tumour activity. These limitations primarily stem from the translational limitations of model systems, the difficulties associated with tracking reliable markers of efficacy throughout the course of treatment and the role of pre-existing viral immunity. In this review, we describe the different alterations observed in the TIME in PBTs due to OV treatment, combination therapies of OVs with different immunotherapies and the hurdles limiting the development of effective OV therapies while suggesting future directions based on existing evidence.

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