Microfluidization of Graphite and Formulation of Graphene-Based Conductive Inks

Karagiannidis, Panagiotis; Hodge, Stephen; Lombardi, Lucia; Tomarchio, Flavia; Decorde, Nicolas; Milana, Silvia; Goykhman, Ilya; Yang, Shengrong; Mesite, Steven V.; Johnstone, Duncan N.; Leary, Rowan K.; Midgley, Paul A.; Pugno, Nicola; Torrisi, Felice; Ferrari, Andrea C.

doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b07735

Cited by 262 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…To the best of our knowledge, alternative available exfoliation methods display lower production capabilities. For example, liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) typically has a production capability of less than 0.1 g h −1 , planetary ball milling methods around 1 g h −1 , and microfluidization less than 1 g h −1 . Therefore, the production of the sulfur–carbon composite active material with WJM graphene is cheap (at the end of the process the solvent is recyclable and reusable), environmentally friendly, and gives a high yield (i.e., 99.9 %), meeting all the requirements for commercialization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Sulfur‐Content Graphene‐Based Composite through Ethanol Evaporation for High‐Energy Lithium‐Sulfur Battery

et al. 2019

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Lithium‐sulfur batteries are the most promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage devices owing to their high theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh g−1 and high theoretical energy density of approximately 3500 Wh kg−1. However, the lack of cathode active materials with appropriate electrical conductivities and stability coupled with an inexpensive and industrially compatible production process has so far hindered the development of practical devices. Here, a facile preparation pathway is reported for the production of a sulfur–carbon composite active material by drying a mixture of highly conductive few‐layer graphene (FLG) flakes (produced by exploiting an innovative wet jet milling process with a yield of ≈100 % and production capability of ≈23.5 g h−1) with elemental sulfur, using ethanol as an environmentally friendly solvent. The designed sulfur–FLG composite shows excellent electrochemical results. The assembled lithium–sulfur battery exhibits a stable rate capability up to a current rate of 2C, a coulombic efficiency approaching 100 % for 300 cycles at the current rate of C/4 (420 mA g−1), and a long cycle life up to 500 cycles delivering around 600 mAh g−1 at 2C (3350 mA g−1).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Sulfur‐Content Graphene‐Based Composite through Ethanol Evaporation for High‐Energy Lithium‐Sulfur Battery

et al. 2019

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“…)over the past few years can be applied in as traightforward manner. This includes scale up of the exfoliation for example by shear exfoliation, [29b] ball milling [35] or microfluidization [36] to increase the accessible quantities of the exfoliated sheets and enable further solution processing and printing. [37] Possibly, ac ombination of different exfoliation strategies based on both chemical (intercalation) and mechanical exfoliation mediated through various sources on energy input can result in al arger population of large and thin sheets in the sample (even though this has currently not been demonstrated for other layered crystals).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enriching and Quantifying Porous Single Layer 2D Polymers by Exfoliation of Chemically Modified van der Waals Crystals

Lange

Synnatschke

et al. 2020

Angewandte Chemie

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2D polymer sheets with six positively charged pyrylium groups at each pore edge in a stacked single crystal can be transformed into a 2D polymer with six pyridines per pore by exposure to gaseous ammonia. This reaction furnishes still a crystalline material with tunable protonation degree at regular nano‐sized pores promising as separation membrane. The exfoliation is compared for both 2D polymers with the latter being superior. Its liquid phase exfoliation yields nanosheet dispersions, which can be size‐selected using centrifugation cascades. Monolayer contents of ≈30 % are achieved with ≈130 nm sized sheets in mg quantities, corresponding to tens of trillions of monolayers. Quantification of nanosheet sizes, layer number and mass shows that this exfoliation is comparable to graphite. Thus, we expect that recent advances in exfoliation of graphite or inorganic crystals (e.g. scale‐up, printing etc.) can be directly applied to this 2D polymer as well as to covalent organic frameworks.

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“…In this scalable process, the remaining non‐exfoliated graphite particles were separated in a subsequent centrifugation step (200 g for 100 min) to produce a mixture of mono‐ and multilayer graphene with a sheet width of 300–800 nm . Moreover, a microfluidizer with much higher shear rates of 10 8 s −1 afforded aqueous graphene dispersions . According to Ferrari et al., 100 microfluidization cycles in the presence of a surfactant gave 100% exfoliation and enabled the fabrications of printing inks without requiring the second centrifugation step when fairly large amounts of carboxymethyl cellulose were added as dispersing agent .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a microfluidizer with much higher shear rates of 10 8 s −1 afforded aqueous graphene dispersions . According to Ferrari et al., 100 microfluidization cycles in the presence of a surfactant gave 100% exfoliation and enabled the fabrications of printing inks without requiring the second centrifugation step when fairly large amounts of carboxymethyl cellulose were added as dispersing agent . The disadvantage of this method is the use of surfactants and the high number of cycles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemical Routes to Functionalized Graphene Nanofillers Tuned for Lightweight Carbon/Hydrocarbon Composites

Burk¹,

Gliem²,

Mülhaupt³

2018

Macro Materials & Eng

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Graphite exfoliation by shear‐induced dry and wet processes and especially mechanochemistry represent attractive routes to carbon nanofillers. Dry ball‐milling of graphite in a planetary mill under gas pressure is a scalable and environmentally benign one‐step process, which requires neither hazardous solvents nor tedious separate functionalization and purification steps. Gas type, pressure, and milling duration govern average particle size, shape, and functionalization. Ball‐milling under Ar yields hydroxylated spherical carbon particle agglomerates, whereas ball‐milling under CO2 affords functionalized nanoplatelets without encountering agglomeration problems and highly exothermic post‐milling reactions with air. The carboxylation of graphene nanoplatelets enhances their dispersibility in various media including polypropylene (PP) even in the absence of compatibilizers. Large amounts of carboxylated nanoplatelets are dispersed in PP without massive viscosity build‐up. Functionalized carbon nanoplatelet fillers enable tailoring of recyclable lightweight carbon/hydrocarbon composites exhibiting an improved balance of stiffness, strength, toughness, electrical, and thermal conductivity.

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Microfluidization of Graphite and Formulation of Graphene-Based Conductive Inks

Cited by 262 publications

References 104 publications

High‐Sulfur‐Content Graphene‐Based Composite through Ethanol Evaporation for High‐Energy Lithium‐Sulfur Battery

High‐Sulfur‐Content Graphene‐Based Composite through Ethanol Evaporation for High‐Energy Lithium‐Sulfur Battery

Enriching and Quantifying Porous Single Layer 2D Polymers by Exfoliation of Chemically Modified van der Waals Crystals

Mechanochemical Routes to Functionalized Graphene Nanofillers Tuned for Lightweight Carbon/Hydrocarbon Composites

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