Microfluidically Frequency-Reconfigurable Quasi-Yagi Dipole Antenna

Shah, Syed Imran Hussain; Lim, Sungjoon

doi:10.3390/s18092935

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Conversely, such system can be more practical and compact if a micropump is used in their place. The use of such micropump has been demonstrated in [ 14 ], where the amount of liquid metal injected into the microfluidic channels is determined using a micropump activated using a microcontroller. It has been also demonstrated in [ 38 ] that the physical length of the antenna can be reconfigured using bidirectional micropump units.…”

Section: Nontoxic Liquid Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These metallic liquids feature excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, nontoxicity, and unique physical properties. They have been implemented for frequency reconfigurability [ 14 ], polarization reconfigurability [ 15 ], radiation pattern reconfigurability [ 16 ], gain reconfigurability [ 17 ], and the combined reconfiguration of multiple parameters, or compound reconfigurability [ 18 ]. These nontoxic liquid metals can be actuated within an antenna enclosure by applying pressure using a syringe or pump [ 19 ] or via electrical actuation such as electrocapillary actuation (ECA), continuous electrowetting (CEW), and electrochemically controlled capillary (ECC) [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future

Bakar

Rahim

Soh

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Advances in reconfigurable liquid-based reconfigurable antennas are enabling new possibilities to fulfil the requirements of more advanced wireless communication systems. In this review, a comparative analysis of various state-of-the-art concepts and techniques for designing reconfigurable antennas using liquid is presented. First, the electrical properties of different liquids at room temperature commonly used in reconfigurable antennas are identified. This is followed by a discussion of various liquid actuation techniques in enabling high frequency reconfigurability. Next, the liquid-based reconfigurable antennas in literature used to achieve the different types of reconfiguration will be critically reviewed. These include frequency-, polarization-, radiation pattern-, and compound reconfigurability. The current concepts of liquid-based reconfigurable antennas can be classified broadly into three basic approaches: altering the physical (and electrical) dimensions of antennas using liquid; applying liquid-based sections as reactive loads; implementation of liquids as dielectric resonators. Each concept and their design approaches will be examined, outlining their benefits, limitations, and possible future improvements.

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Section: Nontoxic Liquid Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future

Bakar

Rahim

Soh

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The existing techniques of deforming and reconstructing liquid metal can be divided into mechanical and electric actuating methods. Mechanical actuating includes, e.g., methods such as pressurization by a syringe [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] or a pump [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], thermal expansion [ 18 ], gravity [ 19 , 20 ], or external forces [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Instances of electric actuating include electrochemistry [ 24 , 25 ] and capillary electrowetting [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…External forces [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] or syringe injection [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] methods may not be convenient enough. Pumping methods [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] often require specially designed auxiliary flow channels. In contrast, it is more convenient to use electrochemical [ 24 , 25 ] and capillary electrowetting [ 26 , 27 ] driving methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Gravity-Triggered Liquid Metal Patch Antenna with Reconfigurable Frequency

et al. 2021

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In this paper, a gravity-triggered liquid metal microstrip patch antenna with reconfigurable frequency is proposed with experimental verification. In this work, the substrate of the antenna is quickly obtained through three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Non-toxic EGaIn alloy is filled into the resin substrate as a radiation patch, and the NaOH solution is used to remove the oxide film of EGaIn. In this configuration, the liquid metal inside the antenna can be flexibly flowed and deformed with different rotation angles due to the gravity to realize different working states. To validate the conception, the reflection coefficients and radiation patterns of the prototyped antenna are then measured, from which it can be observed that the measured results closely follow the simulations. The antenna can obtain a wide operating bandwidth of 3.69–4.95 GHz, which coverage over a range of frequencies suitable for various channels of the 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. The principle of gravitational driving can be applied to the design of reconfigurable antennas for other types of liquid metals.

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“…Furthermore, switching technologies, such as PIN and varactor diodes, that are exploited in most metasurface pattern reconfigurable antennas usually demand additional requirements and have some limitations. The limitations include high isolation on the switches, [ 42 ] limited power handling owing to nonlinearities and their associated intermodulation distortions, [ 43 ] high cost, and low tuning ranges. To overcome these limitations, shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators have been proposed as attractive alternatives because of their advantages of wide reconfigurable ranges with higher linearities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two‐Dimensional Electromechanically Transformable Metasurface with Beam Scanning Capability Using Four Independently Controllable Shape Memory Alloy Axes

Shah

Sarkar

Phon

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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cloaks, [1-3] electromagnetic wave focusing, [4] and in reconfigurable radiating structures in terms of frequency, polarization, [5] and pattern. Further, it can be used for imaging, [6-8] holography, [9-12] vector beam generation, [13] and photonic spin-orbit interactions, [14] and beam deflection. [15-17] Metasurfaces, which can also be considered as the two-dimensional (2D) counterparts of metamaterials, [18] are thin layers composed of individual elements that have initially been developed to overcome the challenges posed by metamaterials. Hence, metasurfaces have been extensively studied in the microwave frequency range for applications to reconfigurability, [19] especially owing to their planar and compact structures. The spatial dimension of the metasurface with temporal modulation of spatial optical properties helped to enable ultrafast reconfigurable beam steering. [20] Through the integration of spatially reconfigurable microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and photoresponsive material into metamaterials, additional degrees of freedom is introduced for advanced manipulation of terahertz waves in the space-time as well as frequency domains. [21] In this way, large and continuous frequency agility is achieved through movable microcantilevers. The switchable optical activity is induced in the metasurface by the chiral conformations. [22] Moreover, reconfigurable MEMS-based Fano metasurfaces are proposed with multiple input-output states for logic operations at terahertz frequencies. [23] The demonstration of an active phase transition in a MEMS-based metadevice is reported, [24] which can be used for controlling polarization, beam deflectors, and holographic metamaterials. A comprehensive review has been presented about the coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials, programmable metamaterials and some other information-operating metamaterials. [25] These metamaterials are classified as information metamaterials. The focus was laid on the informational metamaterials regarding representation, interaction, and operations based on the coding and programmable metasurfaces. A smart metasurface with the capability of self-adaptively reprogrammable functionalities without human participation is reported. [26] The smart metasurface is capable of sensing ambient environments by integrating an additional sensor The advancements in wireless technology, especially in radar detection, where accurate target information is critically needed, have set new standards for antenna subsystems that demand higher gain and full scanning coverage in both the azimuth and elevation planes while maintaining lower cost and design simplicity. The conventional phased array usually requires complex feeding circuitry with large spatial occupancy that renders the system bulky and expensive; therefore, a reconfigurable metasurface may be a suitable alternative. Earlier research outcomes have shown different kinds of reconfigurability in designing metasurfaces for beam steering. Designing electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces using PIN d...

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Microfluidically Frequency-Reconfigurable Quasi-Yagi Dipole Antenna

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future

Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future

A Gravity-Triggered Liquid Metal Patch Antenna with Reconfigurable Frequency

Two‐Dimensional Electromechanically Transformable Metasurface with Beam Scanning Capability Using Four Independently Controllable Shape Memory Alloy Axes

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