Microfluidic Chemiluminescence System with Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Rapid Biochemical Oxygen Demand Measurement

Abstract

A new automated chemiluminescence method resorting to sequential injection analysis (SIA) was developed to rapidly determine biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The assay is based on the redox reaction between quinone and Baker’s yeast in the presence of organic substances. The formed active oxygen species reacted with luminol, under the catalytic action of ferricyanide, and increased chemiluminescence signal. The automation of the assay ensured a precise control of the reaction conditions and enabled a reduction of more than 75-times in the reagents consumption and effluents production comparatively to BOD5. The sampling rate was widely improved with a flow rate of 8 cycles per hour. The method was applied to determine the BOD of ionic liquids (ILs) incorporating different chemical elements and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) combining choline chloride with varying hydrogen-bond donors. Differences in BOD and biodegradability were observed between tested compounds, with DESs showing, in general, higher BOD values and greater biodegradation than ILs. The results obtained in the developed bioassay demonstrated statistical correlation with the BOD5 method. Therefore, the developed methodology is a simple, economic and high-throughput alternative screening bioassay to the conventional method, with the potential to preliminarily assess the potential biodegradability of chemicals in the environment.

Relationship, importance, and development of analytical techniques: COD, BOD, and, TOC in water—An overview through time

“…Modifications to the standard method include a decrease in the response time to achieve a faster test, and an increase in the sensitivity of the response to biodegradation. However, the disadvantages they present are the cost of sophisticated equipment compared with traditional standardized test kits, their maintenance, and the cost of special microbial inoculums [1,37], Wang et al [81] Costa et al [18], which also present various problems such as the variation of the inoculum, the death, and replacement of the microorganisms in the cells, which generates short operational periods and the use of reagents that Xiao et al [85] accelerate the degradation of organic material to allow greater bioavailability [14,37,64]. Systems that modify the way to obtain the biodegradation response have opted to use more sensitive techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy or optical sensors.…”

Progress of optical biosensors for analyzing pathogens and organic pollutants in water since 2015

“…Many contaminants or indicators can be measured through yeast-based biosensors, such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), methyl methanesulfonate, formaldehyde, reactive oxidative species inducers, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and doxycycline (Miller et al, 2020a). For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (fungus) is an efficient candidate host associated with specific inducible promotors (e.g., CUP1p and copper) for the toxicity of phenol, PPCPs, estradiol, pesticides, and BOD (Gao et al, 2016, Costa et al, 2018, Lobsiger et al, 2019, Miller et al, 2020a, Miller et al, 2020b. Environmental factors, especially temperature, significantly influence the viability of yeast biosensors, that control the yeast activities and affect the stability of the biosensors (Jarque et al, 2016).…”

Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields

“…As recent progress of the BOD CL-Sc biosensor, in 2018, Costa et al developed a practical SIA microfluidic system of a BOD CL-Sc biosensor [91]. The SIA system was programmed to precisely control the flow of multiple channels in an accurate time, making it easier to obtain highly reproducible results.…”