Microextraction techniques as versatile platforms for sample preparation of disinfection byproducts from aqueous media: Advances and challenges

Sajid, Muhammad; Alkhulaify, Elham; Baig, Nadeem; Alhooshani, Khalid

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2023.117487

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 86 publications

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“…For this purpose, carboxen/divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane (Car/DVB/PDMS) fiber (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) which ensures the sorption of the widest range of disinfection byproducts was used. The SPME procedure and extraction/desorption conditions typical for the analysis of various classes of DBPs [43] were applied. Headspace 20 mL glass vials with reaction mixtures were placed in an automatic agitator at a temperature of 50 • C, and sorption onto the fiber was carried out for 30 min.…”

Section: Gas Chromatography-high-resolution Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucolytic Drugs Ambroxol and Bromhexine: Transformation under Aqueous Chlorination Conditions

Sypalov,

Varsegov,

Ulyanovskii

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Bromhexine and ambroxol are among the mucolytic drugs most widely used to treat acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Entering the municipal wastewater and undergoing transformations during disinfection with active chlorine, these compounds can produce nitrogen- and bromine-containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are dangerous for aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, primary and deep degradation products of ambroxol and bromhexine obtained in model aquatic chlorination experiments were studied via the combination of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was shown that at the initial stages, the reactions of cyclization, hydroxylation, chlorination, electrophilic ipso-substitution of bromine atoms with chlorine, and oxidative N-dealkylation occur. Along with known metabolites, a number of novel primary DBPs were tentatively identified based on their elemental compositions and tandem mass spectra. Deep degradation of bromhexine and ambroxol gives twenty-four identified volatile and semi-volatile compounds of six classes, among which trihalomethanes account for more than 50%. The specific class of bromhexine- and ambroxol-related DBPs are bromine-containing haloanilines. Seven of them, including methoxy derivatives, were first discovered in the present study. One more novel class of DBPs associated with bromhexine and ambroxol is represented by halogenated indazoles formed through dealkylation of the primary transformation products containing pyrazoline or tetrahydropyrimidine cycle in their structure.

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Section: Gas Chromatography-high-resolution Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%