Microenviromental factors controlling macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis

Abstract

Macrophages are critical for the initiation and perpetuation of intravascular inflammation through their ability to produce an array of cytokines and chemokines, to generate reactive oxygen species, and to process and present antigens to CD4 + T cells. Macrophages constitute a heterogeneous population of cells that are distinctly activated by various microenvironmental signals; however, the mechanisms contributing to the generation of distinct macrophage phenotypes in the context of atherosclerosis remain unclear. This review summarizes the well-characterized factors that govern macrophage polarization toward a specific phenotype and function. Understanding the microenviromental factors that control macrophage polarization and the precise roles of distinct macrophage subsets could provide the basis for novel treatment strategies aimed at limiting the progression of atherosclerosis.

Late Stage Complications of Diabetes and Insulin Resistance

“…Several studies showed a link between severity of osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome [99]. Atherosclerosis [100] and associated cardiovascular disease (acute myocardial infarction and stroke) are the leading causes of death in developed countries. MetS has been shown to be associated with several geriatric problems.…”